Brahmic scripts

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For the earlier script from which all of the Brahmic scripts derived, see Brahmi script.

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Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. The Brahmic scripts, also known as Indic scripts, are a family of abugida writing systems. They are used throughout the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and parts of East Asia. They are descended from the Brahmi script of ancient India and are used by various languages in several language families in South, East and Southeast Asia: Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman, Mongolic, Austroasiatic, Austronesian, and Tai. They were also the source of the dictionary order (gojūon) of Japanese kana.[1]

History

Brahmic scripts descended from the Brahmi script. Brahmi is clearly attested from the 3rd century BC during the reign of Ashoka, who used the script for imperial edicts. Northern Brahmi gave rise to the Gupta script during the Gupta period, which in turn diversified into a number of cursives during the medieval period. Notable examples of such medieval scripts, developed by the 7th or 8th century, include Nagari, Siddham and Sharada.

The Siddhaṃ script was especially important in Buddhism, as many sutras were written in it. The art of Siddham calligraphy survives today in Japan. The tabular presentation and dictionary order of the modern kana system of Japanese writing is believed to be descended from the Indic scripts, most likely through the spread of Buddhism.[1]

Southern Brahmi evolved into the Kadamba, Pallava and Vatteluttu scripts, which in turn diversified into other scripts of South India and Southeast Asia. Brahmic scripts spread in a peaceful manner, Indianization, or the spread of Indian learning. The scripts spread naturally to Southeast Asia, at ports on trading routes.[2] At these trading posts, ancient inscriptions have been found in Sanskrit, using scripts that originated in India. At first, inscriptions were made in Indian languages, but later the scripts were used to write the local Southeast Asian languages. Hereafter, local varieties of the scripts were developed. By the 8th century, the scripts had diverged and separated into regional scripts.[3]

  • A fragment of Ashoka's 6th pillar edict, in Brahmi, the ancestor of all Brahmic scripts

  • Brahmic script travel from India.png

    Spread of Brahmic family of scripts (and Kharosthi) from India

Characteristics

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Some characteristics, which are present in most but not all the scripts, are:

Comparison

Below are comparison charts of several of the major Indic scripts, organised on the principle that glyphs in the same column all derive from the same Brahmi glyph. Accordingly:

  • The charts are not comprehensive. Glyphs may be unrepresented if they are later inventions not derived from any Brahmi character.
  • The pronunciations of glyphs in the same column may not be identical. The pronunciation row is only representative; the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) pronunciation is given for Sanskrit where possible, or another language if necessary.

The transliteration is indicated in ISO 15919.

Consonants

ISO[lower-alpha 1] ka kha ga gha ṅa ca cha ja jha ña ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa ta tha da dha na ṉa pa pha/fa ba bha ma ya ẏa ra ṟa la ḷa ḻa va śa ṣa sa ha kṣa ṯa
Ashoka Brahmi 𑀓 𑀔 𑀕 𑀖 𑀗 𑀘 𑀙 𑀚 𑀛 𑀜 𑀝 𑀞 𑀟 𑀠 𑀡 𑀢 𑀣 𑀤 𑀥 𑀦 𑀧 𑀨 𑀩 𑀪 𑀫 𑀬 𑀭 𑀮 𑀴 𑀯 𑀰 𑀱 𑀲 𑀳  
Devanagari क ख ग घ ङ च छ ज झ ञ ट ठ ड ढ ण त थ द ध न प फ ब भ म य र ल ळ व श ष स ह क्ष  
Bengali-
Assamese		 ক খ গ ঘ ঙ চ ছ জ ঝ ঞ ট ঠ ড ঢ ণ ত থ দ ধ ন প ফ ব ভ ম য য় র,ৰ ল ৱ শ ষ স হ ক্ষ  
Gurmukhi ਕ ਖ ਗ ਘ ਙ ਚ ਛ ਜ ਝ ਞ ਟ ਠ ਡ ਢ ਣ ਤ ਥ ਦ ਧ ਨ ਪ ਫ ਬ ਭ ਮ ਯ ਰ ਲ ਲ਼ ਵ ਸ਼ ਸ ਹ  
Gujarati ક ખ ગ ઘ ઙ ચ છ જ ઝ ઞ ટ ઠ ડ ઢ ણ ત થ દ ધ ન પ ફ બ ભ મ ય ર લ ળ વ શ ષ સ હ ક્ષ  
Odia କ ଖ ଗ ଘ ଙ ଚ ଛ ଜ ଝ ଞ ଟ ଠ ଡ ଢ ଣ ତ ଥ ଦ ଧ ନ ପ ଫ ବ ଭ ମ ଯ ୟ ର ଲ ଳ ୱ ଶ ଷ ସ ହ କ୍ଷ  
Grantham 𑌕 𑌖 𑌗 𑌘 𑌙 𑌚 𑌛 𑌜 𑌝 𑌞 𑌟 𑌠 𑌡 𑌢 𑌣 𑌤 𑌥 𑌦 𑌧 𑌨 𑌪 𑌫 𑌬 𑌭 𑌮 𑌯 𑌰 𑌲 𑌳 𑌵 𑌶 𑌷 𑌸 𑌹 𑌕𑍍𑌷  
Tamil க ங ச ஜ ஞ ட ண த ந ன ப ம ய ர ற ல ள ழ வ ஶ ஷ ஸ ஹ க்ஷ  
Telugu క ఖ గ ఘ ఙ చ ఛ జ ఝ ఞ ట ఠ డ ఢ ణ త థ ద ధ న ప ఫ బ భ మ య ర ఱ ల ళ ఴ వ శ ష స హ క్ష  
Kannada ಕ ಖ ಗ ಘ ಙ ಚ ಛ ಜ ಝ ಞ ಟ ಠ ಡ ಢ ಣ ತ ಥ ದ ಧ ನ ಪ ಫ ಬ ಭ ಮ ಯ ರ ಱ ಲ ಳ ೞ ವ ಶ ಷ ಸ ಹ ಕ್ಷ  
Malayalam ക ഖ ഗ ഘ ങ ച ഛ ജ ഝ ഞ ട ഠ ഡ ഢ ണ ത ഥ ദ ധ ന ഩ പ ഫ ബ ഭ മ യ ര റ ല ള ഴ വ ശ ഷ സ ഹ ക്ഷ ഺ
Sinhala ක ඛ ග ඝ ඞ ච ඡ ජ ඣ ඤ ට ඨ ඩ ඪ ණ ත ථ ද ධ න ප ඵ බ භ ම ය ර ල ළ ව ශ ෂ ස හ ක්‍ෂ  
Tibetan ཀ ཁ ག གྷ ང ཅ ཆ ཇ ཛྷ ཉ ཊ ཋ ཌ ཌྷ ཎ ཏ ཐ ད དྷ ན པ ཕ བ བྷ མ ཡ ར ཬ[lower-alpha 2] ལ ཝ ཤ ཥ ས ཧ  
ʼPhags-pa ꡀ ꡁ ꡂ ꡂꡜ ꡃ ꡄ ꡅ ꡆ ꡆꡜ ꡇ ꡩ ꡪ ꡫ ꡫꡜ ꡬ ꡈ ꡉ ꡊ ꡊꡜ ꡋ ꡌ ꡍ ꡎ ꡎꡜ ꡏ ꡗ ꡘ ꡙ ꡓ ꡚ ꡛ ꡜ  
Meitei Mayek[lower-alpha 3] ꯀ ꯈ ꯒ ꯘ ꯉ ꯆ ꫢ ꯖ ꯓ ꫣ ꫤ ꫥ ꫦ ꫧ ꫨ ꯇ ꯊ ꯗ ꯙ ꯅ ꯄ ꯐ ꯕ ꯚ ꯃ ꯌ ꯔ ꯂ ꯋ ꫩ ꫪ ꯁ ꯍ  
Lepcha ᰀ ᰂ ᰃ ᰅ ᰆ ᰇ ᰈ ᰉ ᱍ ᱎ ᱏ ᰊ ᰋ ᰌ ᰍ ᰎ ᰐ ᰓ ᰕ ᰚ ᰛ ᰜ ᰟ ᰡ ᰡ᰷ ᰠ ᰝ  
Limbu ᤁ ᤂ ᤃ ᤄ ᤅ ᤆ ᤇ ᤈ ᤉ ᤊ ᤋ ᤌ ᤍ ᤎ ᤏ ᤐ ᤑ ᤒ ᤓ ᤔ ᤕ ᤖ ᤗ ᤘ ᤙ ᤚ ᤛ ᤜ  
Tirhuta 𑒏 𑒐 𑒑 𑒒 𑒓 𑒔 𑒕 𑒖 𑒗 𑒘 𑒙 𑒚 𑒛 𑒜 𑒝 𑒞 𑒟 𑒠 𑒡 𑒢 𑒣 𑒤 𑒥 𑒦 𑒧 𑒨 𑒩 𑒪 𑒬 𑒭 𑒮 𑒯  
Kaithi 𑂍 𑂎 𑂏 𑂐 𑂑 𑂒 𑂓 𑂔 𑂕 𑂖 𑂗 𑂘 𑂙 𑂛 𑂝 𑂞 𑂟 𑂠 𑂡 𑂢 𑂣 𑂤 𑂥 𑂦 𑂧 𑂨 𑂩 𑂪 𑂫 𑂬 𑂭 𑂮 𑂯  
Sylheti Nagari ꠇ ꠈ ꠉ ꠊ ꠌ ꠍ ꠎ ꠏ ꠐ ꠑ ꠒ ꠓ ꠔ ꠕ ꠖ ꠗ ꠘ ꠙ ꠚ ꠛ ꠜ ꠝ ꠞ ꠟ ꠡ ꠢ  
Chakma[lower-alpha 4] 𑄇 𑄈 𑄉 𑄊 𑄋 𑄌 𑄍 𑄎 𑄏 𑄐 𑄑 𑄒 𑄓 𑄔 𑄕 𑄖 𑄗 𑄘 𑄙 𑄚 𑄛 𑄜 𑄝 𑄞 𑄟 𑄠 𑄡 𑄢 𑄣 𑅄 𑄤 𑄥 𑄦  
Burmese က ခ ဂ ဃ င စ ဆ ဇ ဈ ဉ / ည ဋ ဌ ဍ ဎ ဏ တ ထ ဒ ဓ န ပ ဖ ဗ ဘ မ ယ ရ လ ဠ ဝ ၐ ၑ သ ဟ  
Khmer ក ខ គ ឃ ង ច ឆ ជ ឈ ញ ដ ឋ ឌ ឍ ណ ត ថ ទ ធ ន ប ផ ព ភ ម យ រ ល ឡ វ ឝ ឞ ស ហ  
Thai ก ข,ฃ[lower-alpha 5] ค,ฅ[lower-alpha 5] ฆ ง จ ฉ ช,ซ[lower-alpha 5] ฌ ญ ฎ,[lower-alpha 5]ฏ ฐ ฑ ฒ ณ ด,[lower-alpha 5]ต ถ ท ธ น บ,[lower-alpha 5]ป ผ,ฝ[lower-alpha 5] พ,ฟ[lower-alpha 5] ภ ม ย ร ล ฬ ว ศ ษ ส ห,ฮ[lower-alpha 5]  
Lao ກ ຂ ຄ ຆ[lower-alpha 6] ງ ຈ ຉ[lower-alpha 6] ຊ ຌ[lower-alpha 6] ຎ[lower-alpha 6] ຏ[lower-alpha 6] ຐ[lower-alpha 6] ຑ[lower-alpha 6] ຒ[lower-alpha 6] ຓ[lower-alpha 6] ດ,ຕ ຖ ທ ຘ[lower-alpha 6] ນ ບ,ປ ຜ,ຝ ພ,ຟ ຠ[lower-alpha 6] ມ ຍ ຣ ລ ຬ[lower-alpha 6] ວ ຨ[lower-alpha 6] ຩ[lower-alpha 6] ສ ຫ  
Cham ꨆ ꨇ ꨈ ꨉ ꨋ ꨌ ꨍ ꨎ ꨏ ꨑ ꨓ ꨔ ꨕ ꨖ ꨘ ꨚ ꨜ ꨝ ꨞ ꨠ ꨢ ꨣ ꨤ ꨥ ꨦ ꨧ ꨨ  
Kawi 𑼒 𑼓 𑼔 𑼕 𑼖 𑼗 𑼘 𑼙 𑼚 𑼛 𑼜 𑼝 𑼞 𑼟 𑼠 𑼡 𑼢 𑼣 𑼤 𑼥 𑼳 𑼦 𑼧 𑼨 𑼩 𑼪 𑼫 𑼬 𑼭 𑼮 𑼯 𑼰 𑼱 𑼲  
Balinese ᬓ ᬔ ᬕ ᬖ ᬗ ᬘ ᬙ ᬚ ᬛ ᬜ ᬝ ᬞ ᬟ ᬠ ᬡ ᬢ ᬣ ᬤ ᬥ ᬦ ᭌ ᬧ ᬨ ᬩ ᬪ ᬫ ᬬ ᬭ ᬮ ᬯ ᬰ ᬱ ᬲ ᬳ  
Javanese[lower-alpha 7] ꦏ ꦑ[lower-alpha 7] ꦒ ꦓ[lower-alpha 7] ꦔ ꦕ ꦖ[lower-alpha 7] ꦗ ꦙ[lower-alpha 7] ꦚ ꦛ ꦜ[lower-alpha 7] ꦝ ꦞ[lower-alpha 7] ꦟ[lower-alpha 7] ꦠ ꦡ[lower-alpha 7] ꦢ ꦣ[lower-alpha 7] ꦤ ꦘ ꦥ ꦦ[lower-alpha 7] ꦧ ꦨ[lower-alpha 7] ꦩ ꦪ ꦫ ꦭ ꦮ ꦯ[lower-alpha 7] ꦰ[lower-alpha 7] ꦱ ꦲ  
Sundanese ᮊ ᮮ[lower-alpha 8] ᮌ ᮍ ᮎ ᮏ ᮑ ᮒ ᮓ ᮔ ᮕ ᮘ ᮽ[lower-alpha 9] ᮙ ᮚ ᮛ ᮜ ᮝ ᮯ[lower-alpha 10] ᮞ ᮠ  
Lontara ᨀ ᨁ ᨂ ᨌ ᨍ ᨎ ᨈ ᨉ ᨊ ᨄ ᨅ ᨆ ᨐ ᨑ ᨒ ᨓ ᨔ ᨕ  
Makasar 𑻠 𑻡 𑻢 𑻩 𑻪 𑻫 𑻦 𑻧 𑻨 𑻣 𑻤 𑻥 𑻬 𑻭 𑻮 𑻯 𑻰 𑻱  
Rejang ꤰ ꤱ ꤲ ꤹ ꤺ ꤻ ꤳ ꤴ ꤵ ꤶ ꤷ ꤸ ꤿ ꤽ ꤾ ꥀ ꤼ ꥁ  
Batak (Toba) ᯂ ᯎ ᯝ ᯐ ᯠ/ᯛ ᯖ ᯑ ᯉ ᯇ ᯅ ᯔ ᯒ ᯞ ᯞ ᯘ ᯂ  
Baybayin ᜃ   ᜄ   ᜅ                     ᜆ   ᜇ   ᜈ   ᜉ   ᜊ   ᜋ ᜌ ᜇ / ᜍ   ᜎ     ᜏ     ᜐ ᜑ  
Buhid ᝃ   ᝄ   ᝅ                     ᝆ   ᝇ   ᝈ   ᝉ   ᝊ   ᝋ ᝌ ᝍ   ᝎ     ᝏ     ᝐ ᝑ  
Hanunuo ᜣ   ᜤ   ᜥ                     ᜦ   ᜧ   ᜨ   ᜩ   ᜪ   ᜫ ᜬ ᜭ   ᜮ     ᜯ     ᜰ ᜱ  
Tagbanwa ᝣ   ᝤ   ᝥ                     ᝦ   ᝧ   ᝨ   ᝩ   ᝪ   ᝫ ᝬ     ᝮ     ᝯ     ᝰ      
ISO ka kha ga gha ṅa ca cha ja jha ña ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa ta tha da dha na ṉa pa pha ba bha ma ya ẏa ra ṟa la ḷa ḻa va śa ṣa sa ha kṣa ṯa
Notes
  1. ↑ This list tries to include characters of same origins, not same sounds. In Bengali র is pronounced as rô but it is originally va which is still used for wa sound in Mithilakshar and modern Assamese ৱ (wabbô) was derived from middle Assamese র (wô). Compare with জ (ja) য (ya) and য় (ẏ) which are pronounced as jô, jô and e̯ô in Bengali and zô, zô and yô in Assamese respectively. য is related to Devanagari य (ya) and it is still pronounced as "ya" in Mithilakshar. Since their sounds shifted, the dots were added to keep the original sounds.
  2. ↑ Letter used in Balti.
  3. ↑ includes supplementary consonants not in contemporary use
  4. ↑ inherent vowel is ā
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 Modified forms of these letters are or were used for distinctions made in Thai; these distinctions are not made for Sanskrit and Pali in the Thai script.
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 These letters are obsolete, but were used mainly for Sanskrit and Pali in the Lao script.
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 Letters used in Old Javanese. They are now obsolete, but are used for honorifics in contemporary Javanese.
  8. ↑ Invented new character to represent the Arabic letter خ.
  9. ↑ Letter used in Old Sundanese. It is now obsolete.
  10. ↑ Invented new character. Actually to represent the Arabic letter ش, which has similar pronunciation with śa.

Vowels

Vowels are presented in their independent form on the left of each column, and in their corresponding dependent form (vowel sign) combined with the consonant k on the right. A glyph for ka is an independent consonant letter itself without any vowel sign, where the vowel a is inherent.

ISO a ā ê ô i ī u ū e ē ai o ō au ə r̥ r̥̄ [lower-alpha 1] l̥ [lower-alpha 1] l̥̄ [lower-alpha 1] ṁ ḥ  
a ka ā kā ê kê ô kô i ki ī kī u ku ū kū e ke ē kē ai kai o ko ō kō au kau ə kə r̥ kr̥ r̥̄ kr̥̄ l̥ kl̥ l̥̄ kl̥̄ aṁ kaṁ aḥ kaḥ k
Ashoka Brahmi 𑀅 𑀓 𑀆 𑀓𑀸         𑀇 𑀓𑀺 𑀈 𑀓𑀻 𑀉 𑀓𑀼 𑀊 𑀓𑀽     𑀏 𑀓𑁂 𑀐 𑀓𑁃     𑀑 𑀓𑁄 𑀒 𑀓𑁅     𑀋 𑀓𑀾 𑀌 𑀓𑀿 𑀍 𑀓𑁀 𑀎 𑀓𑁁 𑀅𑀁 𑀓𑀁 𑀅𑀂 𑀓𑀂 𑀓𑁆
Devanagari अ क आ का ॲ कॅ ऑ कॉ इ कि ई की उ कु ऊ कू ऎ कॆ ए के ऐ कै ऒ कॊ ओ को औ कौ     ऋ कृ ॠ कॄ ऌ कॢ ॡ कॣ अं कं अः कः क्
Bengali-
Assamese		 অ ক আ কা অ্যা ক্যা     ই কি ঈ কী উ কু ঊ কূ     এ কে ঐ কৈ     ও কো ঔ কৌ     ঋ কৃ ৠ কৄ ঌ কৢ ৡ কৣ অং কং অঃ কঃ ক্
Gujarati અ ક આ કા         ઇ કિ ઈ કી ઉ કુ ઊ કૂ ઍ કૅ એ કે ઐ કૈ ઑ કૉ ઓ કો ઔ કૌ     ઋ કૃ ૠ કૄ ઌ કૢ ૡ કૣ અં કં અઃ કઃ ક્,ક્‍
Odia ଅ କ ଆ କା         ଇ କି ଈ କୀ ଉ କୁ ଊ କୂ     ଏ କେ ଐ କୈ     ଓ କୋ ଔ କୌ     ଋ କୃ ୠ କୄ ଌ କୢ ୡ କୣ ଂ କଂ ଃ କଃ କ୍
Gurmukhi ਅ ਕ ਆ ਕਾ         ਇ ਕਿ ਈ ਕੀ ਉ ਕੁ ਊ ਕੂ     ਏ ਕੇ ਐ ਕੈ     ਓ ਕੋ ਔ ਕੌ                     ਅਂ ਕਂ ਅਃ ਕਃ ਕ੍
Meitei Mayek[lower-alpha 2] ꯑ ꯀ ꯑꯥ ꯀꯥ         ꯏ ꯀꯤ ꯑꫫ ꯀꫫ ꯎ ꯀꯨ ꯑꫬ ꯀꫬ     ꯑꯦ ꯀꯦ ꯑꯩ ꯀꯩ     ꯑꯣ ꯀꯣ ꯑꯧ ꯀꯧ                     ꯑꯪ ꯀꯪ ꯑꫵ ꯀꫵ ꯛ
Tibetan[lower-alpha 3] ཨ ཀ ཨཱ ཀཱ         ཨི ཀི ཨཱི ཀཱི ཨུ ཀུ ཨཱུ ཀཱུ     ཨེ ཀེ ཨཻ ཀཻ     ཨོ ཀོ ཨཽ ཀཽ     རྀ ཀྲྀ རཱྀ ཀཷ ལྀ ཀླྀ ལཱྀ ཀླཱྀ ཨཾ ཀཾ ཨཿ ཀཿ ཀ྄
Lepcha[lower-alpha 3] ᰣ ᰀ ᰣᰦ ᰀᰦ         ᰣᰧ ᰀᰧ ᰣᰧᰶ ᰀᰧᰶ ᰣᰪ ᰀᰪ ᰣᰫ ᰀᰫ     ᰣᰬ ᰀᰬ         ᰣᰨ ᰀᰨ ᰣᰩ ᰀᰩ                     ᰣᰴ ᰀᰴ      
Limbu[lower-alpha 3] ᤀ ᤁ ᤀᤠ ᤁᤠ         ᤀᤡ ᤁᤡ ᤀᤡ᤺ ᤁᤡ᤺ ᤀᤢ ᤁᤢ ᤀᤢ᤺ ᤁᤢ᤺ ᤀᤧ ᤁᤧ ᤀᤣ ᤁᤣ ᤀᤤ ᤁᤤ ᤀᤨ ᤁᤨ ᤀᤥ ᤁᤥ ᤀᤦ ᤁᤦ                     ᤀᤲ ᤁᤲ     ᤁ᤻
Tirhuta 𑒁 𑒏 𑒂 𑒏𑒰         𑒃 𑒏𑒱 𑒄 𑒏𑒲 𑒅 𑒏𑒳 𑒆 𑒏𑒴   𑒏𑒺 𑒋 𑒏𑒹 𑒌 𑒏𑒻   𑒏𑒽 𑒍 𑒏𑒼 𑒎 𑒏𑒾     𑒇 𑒏𑒵 𑒈 𑒏𑒶 𑒉 𑒏𑒷 𑒊 𑒏𑒸 𑒁𑓀 𑒏𑓀 𑒁𑓁 𑒏𑓁 𑒏𑓂
Kaithi 𑂃 𑂍 𑂄 𑂍𑂰         𑂅 𑂍𑂱 𑂆 𑂍𑂲 𑂇 𑂍𑂳 𑂈 𑂍𑂴     𑂉 𑂍𑂵 𑂊 𑂍𑂶     𑂋 𑂍𑂷 𑂌 𑂍𑂸                     𑂃𑂁 𑂍𑂁 𑂃𑂂 𑂍𑂂 𑂍𑂹
Sylheti Nagari   ꠇ ꠀ ꠇꠣ         ꠁ ꠇꠤ     ꠃ ꠇꠥ         ꠄ ꠇꠦ ꠅꠂ ꠇꠂ     ꠅ ꠇꠧ                         ꠀꠋ ꠇꠋ     ꠇ꠆
Tamil அ க ஆ கா         இ கி ஈ கீ உ கு ஊ கூ எ கெ ஏ கே ஐ கை ஒ கொ ஓ கோ ஔ கௌ                     அஂ கஂ அஃ கஃ க்
Kannada ಅ ಕ ಆ ಕಾ         ಇ ಕಿ ಈ ಕೀ ಉ ಕು ಊ ಕೂ ಎ ಕೆ ಏ ಕೇ ಐ ಕೈ ಒ ಕೊ ಓ ಕೋ ಔ ಕೌ     ಋ ಕೃ ೠ ಕೄ ಌ ಕೢ ೡ ಕೣ అం ಕಂ అః ಕಃ ಕ್
Telugu అ క ఆ కా         ఇ కి ఈ కీ ఉ కు ఊ కూ ఎ కె ఏ కే ఐ కై ఒ కొ ఓ కో ఔ కౌ     ఋ కృ ౠ కౄ ఌ కౢ ౡ కౣ అం కం అః కః క్
Sinhala අ ක ආ කා ඇ කැ ඈ කෑ ඉ කි ඊ කී උ කු ඌ කූ එ කෙ ඒ කේ ඓ කෛ ඔ කො ඕ කෝ ඖ කෞ     ඍ කෘ ඎ කෲ ඏ කෟ ඐ කෳ අං කං අඃ කඃ ක්
Malayalam അ ക ആ കാ         ഇ കി ഈ കീ ഉ കു ഊ കൂ എ കെ ഏ കേ ഐ കൈ ഒ കൊ ഓ കോ ഔ കൗ     ഋ കൃ ൠ കൄ ഌ കൢ ൡ കൣ അം കം അഃ കഃ ക്,ക്‍
Chakma 𑄃𑄧 𑄇𑄧 𑄃 𑄇 𑄃𑄬𑄬 𑄇𑄬𑄬 𑄃𑅅 𑄇𑅅 𑄄, 𑄃𑄨 𑄇𑄨 𑄃𑄩 𑄇𑄩 𑄅, 𑄃𑄪 𑄇𑄪 𑄃𑄫 𑄇𑄫     𑄆, 𑄃𑄬 𑄇𑄬 𑄃𑄰 𑄇𑄰     𑄃𑄮 𑄇𑄮 𑄃𑄯 𑄇𑄯                     𑄃𑄧𑄁 𑄇𑄧𑄁 𑄃𑄧𑄂 𑄇𑄧𑄂 𑄇𑄴
Burmese အ က အာ ကာ         ဣ ကိ ဤ ကီ ဥ ကု ဦ ကူ     ဧ ကေ အဲ ကဲ ဩ ကော     အောင် ကောင်     ၒ ကၖ ၓ ကၗ ၔ ကၘ ၕ ကၙ အံ ကံ အး ကး က်
Khmer[lower-alpha 4] អ ក អា កា         ឥ កិ ឦ កី ឧ កុ ឩ កូ     ឯ កេ ឰ កៃ     ឱ កោ ឳ កៅ     ឫ ក្ឫ ឬ ក្ឬ ឭ ក្ឭ ឮ ក្ឮ អំ កំ អះ កះ ក៑
Thai[lower-alpha 3] อ (อะ) ก (กะ) อา กา แอ แก (ออ) (กอ) อิ กิ อี กี อุ กุ อู กู (เอะ) (เกะ) เอ เก ไอ,ใอ ไก,ใก (โอะ) (โกะ) โอ โก เอา เกา     ฤ กฺฤ ฤๅ กฺฤๅ ฦ กฺฦ ฦๅ กฺฦๅ อํ กํ อะ (อะฮฺ) กะ (กะฮฺ) กฺ (ก/ก์)
Lao[lower-alpha 3] ອະ ກະ ອາ ກາ ແອ ແກ (ອອ) (ກອ) ອິ ກິ ອີ ກີ ອຸ ກຸ ອູ ກູ (ແອະ) (ແກະ) ເອ ເກ ໄອ,ໃອ ໄກ,ໃກ (ໂອະ) (ໂກະ) ໂອ ໂກ ເອົາ,ອາວ ເກົາ,ກາວ                     ອํ ກํ ອະ ກະ ກ
Cham ꨀ ꨆ ꨀꨩ ꨆꨩ         ꨁ ꨆꨪ ꨁꨩ ꨆꨫ ꨂ ꨆꨭ ꨂꨩ ꨆꨭꨩ     ꨃ ꨆꨯꨮ ꨄ ꨆꨰ     ꨅ ꨆꨯ ꨀꨯꨱ ꨆꨯꨱ     ꨣꨮ ꨆꨴꨮ ꨣꨮꨩ ꨆꨴꨮꨩ ꨤꨮ ꨆꨵꨮ ꨤꨮꨩ ꨆꨵꨮꨩ ꨀꩌ ꨆꩌ ꨀꩍ ꨆꩍ ꩀ
Kawi 𑼄 𑼒 𑼅 𑼒𑼴 𑼆 𑼒𑼶 𑼇 𑼒𑼷 𑼈 𑼒𑼸 𑼉 𑼒𑼹 𑼎 𑼒𑼾 𑼏 𑼒𑼿 𑼐 𑼒𑼾𑼴 𑼐𑼴 𑼒𑼿𑼴 𑼄𑽀 𑼒𑽀 𑼊 𑼒𑼺 𑼊𑼴 𑼒𑼺𑼴 𑼌 𑼒𑽂𑼌 𑼍 𑼒𑽂𑼭𑽀𑼴 𑼄𑼁 𑼒𑼁 𑼄𑼃 𑼒𑼃 𑼒𑽁
Balinese ᬅ ᬓ ᬆ ᬓᬵ         ᬇ ᬓᬶ ᬈ ᬓᬷ ᬉ ᬓᬸ ᬊ ᬓᬹ ᬏ ᬓᬾ     ᬐ ᬓᬿ ᬑ ᬓᭀ     ᬒ ᬓᭁ ᬅᭂ ᬓᭂ ᬋ ᬓᬺ ᬌ ᬓᬻ ᬍ ᬓᬼ ᬎ ᬓᬽ ᬅᬂ ᬓᬂ ᬅᬄ ᬓᬄ ᬓ᭄
Javanese ꦄ ꦏ ꦄꦴ ꦏꦴ         ꦆ ꦏꦶ ꦇ ꦏꦷ ꦈ ꦏꦸ ꦈꦴ ꦏꦹ ꦌ ꦏꦺ     ꦍ ꦏꦻ ꦎ ꦏꦺꦴ     ꦎꦴ ꦏꦻꦴ ꦄꦼ ꦏꦼ ꦉ ꦏꦽ ꦉꦴ ꦏꦽꦴ ꦊ ꦏ꧀ꦊ ꦋ ꦏ꧀ꦋ ꦄꦁ ꦏꦁ ꦄꦃ ꦏꦃ ꦏ꧀
Sundanese ᮃ ᮊ             ᮄ ᮊᮤ     ᮅ ᮊᮥ     ᮆ ᮊᮦ         ᮇ ᮊᮧ         ᮈ ᮊᮨ ᮻ[lower-alpha 5] ᮊ᮪ᮻ[lower-alpha 5]     ᮼ[lower-alpha 5] ᮊ᮪ᮼ[lower-alpha 5]     ᮃᮀ ᮊᮀ ᮃᮂ ᮊᮂ ᮊ᮪
Lontara ᨕ ᨀ             ᨕᨗ ᨀᨗ     ᨕᨘ ᨀᨘ     ᨕᨙ ᨀᨙ         ᨕᨚ ᨀᨚ         ᨕᨛ ᨀᨛ                          
Makasar 𑻱 𑻠 𑻱𑻳 𑻠𑻳 𑻱𑻴 𑻠𑻴 𑻱𑻵 𑻠𑻵 𑻱𑻶 𑻠𑻶    
Rejang ꥆ ꤰ     ꥆꥎ ꤰꥎ ꥆꥍ ꤰꥍ ꥆꥇ ꤰꥇ     ꥆꥈ ꤰꥈ     ꥆꥉ ꤰꥉ     ꥆꥊ ꤰꥊ ꥆꥋ ꤰꥋ     ꥆꥌ ꤰꥌ                     ꥆꥏ ꤰꥏ ꥆꥒ ꤰꥒ ꤰ꥓
Batak (Toba) ᯀ ᯂ             ᯤ ᯂᯪ     ᯥ ᯂᯮ       ᯂᯩ           ᯂᯬ                             ᯀᯰ ᯂᯰ ᯀᯱ ᯂᯱ ᯂ᯲
Baybayin ᜀ ᜃ             ᜁ ᜃᜒ     ᜂ ᜃᜓ     ᜁ ᜃᜒ         ᜂ ᜃᜓ                                     ᜃ᜔
Buhid ᝀ ᝃ             ᝁ ᝃᝒ     ᝂ ᝃᝓ                                                          
Hanunuo ᜠ ᜣ             ᜡ ᜣᜲ     ᜢ ᜣᜳ                                                         ᜣ᜴
Tagbanwa ᝠ ᝣ             ᝡ ᝣᝲ     ᝢ ᝣᝳ                                                          
ISO a ka ā kā ê kê ô kô i ki ī kī u ku ū kū e ke ē kē ai kai o ko ō kō au kau ə kə r̥ kr̥ r̥̄ kr̥̄ l̥ kl̥ l̥̄ kl̥̄ aṁ kaṁ aḥ kaḥ k
a ā ê ô i ī u ū e ē ai o ō au ə r̥ r̥̄ l̥ l̥̄ ṁ ḥ  

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Letters for r̥̄, l̥, l̥̄ and a few others are obsolete or very rarely used.
  2. ↑ includes supplementary vowels not in contemporary use
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Tibetan, Lepcha, Limbu, Thai and Lao scripts do not have independent vowel forms. For syllables starting with a vowel sound, a "zero" consonant (ཨ, อ or ອ respectively) is used to represent the glottal stop /ʔ/.
  4. ↑ When used to write their own languages, Khmer can have either an a or an o as the inherent vowel, following the rules of its orthography.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Letters used in Old Sundanese. They are now obsolete.

Numerals

Hindu-Arabic 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Brahmi numbers 𑁒 𑁓 𑁔 𑁕 𑁖 𑁗 𑁘 𑁙 𑁚
Brahmi digits 𑁦 𑁧 𑁨 𑁩 𑁪 𑁫 𑁬 𑁭 𑁮 𑁯
Bengali- Assamese ০ ১ ২ ৩ ৪ ৫ ৬ ৭ ৮ ৯
Tirhuta 𑓐 𑓑 𑓒 𑓓 𑓔 𑓕 𑓖 𑓗 𑓘 𑓙
Odia ୦ ୧ ୨ ୩ ୪ ୫ ୬ ୭ ୮ ୯
Devanagari ० १ २ ३ ४ ५ ६ ७ ८ ९
Gujarati ૦ ૧ ૨ ૩ ૪ ૫ ૬ ૭ ૮ ૯
Modi 𑙐‎ 𑙑‎ 𑙒 𑙓‎ 𑙔‎ 𑙕 𑙖‎ 𑙗 𑙘‎ 𑙙
Sharada 𑇐 𑇑 𑇒 𑇓 𑇔 𑇕 𑇖 𑇗 𑇘 𑇙
Takri 𑛀 𑛁 𑛂 𑛃 𑛄 𑛅 𑛆 𑛇 𑛈 𑛉
Gurmukhi ੦ ੧ ੨ ੩ ੪ ੫ ੬ ੭ ੮ ੯
Khudabadi 𑋰 𑋱 𑋲 𑋳 𑋴 𑋵 𑋶 𑋷 𑋸 𑋹
Meitei (Manipuri) ꯰ ꯱ ꯲ ꯳ ꯴ ꯵ ꯶ ꯷ ꯸ ꯹
Pracalit 𑑐‎ 𑑑‎ 𑑒‎ 𑑓‎ 𑑔‎ 𑑕‎ 𑑖‎ 𑑗‎ 𑑘‎ 𑑙
Tibetan ༠ ༡ ༢ ༣ ༤ ༥ ༦ ༧ ༨ ༩
Mongolian[lower-alpha 1] ᠐ ᠑ ᠒ ᠓ ᠔ ᠕ ᠖ ᠗ ᠘ ᠙
Lepcha ᱀ ᱁ ᱂ ᱃ ᱄ ᱅ ᱆ ᱇ ᱈ ᱉
Limbu ᥆ ᥇ ᥈ ᥉ ᥊ ᥋ ᥌ ᥍ ᥎ ᥏
Sinhala astrological numbers ෦ ෧ ෨ ෩ ෪ ෫ ෬ ෭ ෮ ෯
Sinhala archaic numbers 𑇡 𑇢 𑇣 𑇤 𑇥 𑇦 𑇧 𑇨 𑇩
Tamil ೦ ௧ ௨ ௩ ௪ ௫ ௬ ௭ ௮ ௯
Telugu ౦ ౧ ౨ ౩ ౪ ౫ ౬ ౭ ౮ ౯
Kannada ೦ ೧ ೨ ೩ ೪ ೫ ೬ ೭ ೮ ೯
Malayalam ൦ ൧ ൨ ൩ ൪ ൫ ൬ ൭ ൮ ൯
Saurashtra ꣐ ꣑ ꣒ ꣓ ꣔ ꣕ ꣖ ꣗ ꣘ ꣙
Ahom 𑜰 𑜱 𑜲 𑜳 𑜴 𑜵 𑜶 𑜷 𑜸 𑜹
Chakma 𑄶 𑄷 𑄸 𑄹 𑄺 𑄻 𑄼 𑄽 𑄾 𑄿
Burmese ၀ ၁ ၂ ၃ ၄ ၅ ၆ ၇ ၈ ၉
Shan ႐ ႑ ႒ ႓ ႔ ႕ ႖ ႗ ႘ ႙
Khmer ០ ១ ២ ៣ ៤ ៥ ៦ ៧ ៨ ៩
Thai ๐ ๑ ๒ ๓ ๔ ๕ ๖ ๗ ๘ ๙
Lao ໐ ໑ ໒ ໓ ໔ ໕ ໖ ໗ ໘ ໙
Cham ꩐ ꩑ ꩒ ꩓ ꩔ ꩕ ꩖ ꩗ ꩘ ꩙
Tai Tham[lower-alpha 2] ᪐ ᪑ ᪒ ᪓ ᪔ ᪕ ᪖ ᪗ ᪘ ᪙
Tai Tham Astrological Numbers[lower-alpha 3] ᪀ ᪁ ᪂ ᪃ ᪄ ᪅ ᪆ ᪇ ᪈ ᪉
New Tai Lue ᧐ ᧑ ᧒ ᧓ ᧔ ᧕ ᧖ ᧗ ᧘ ᧙
Balinese ᭐ ᭑ ᭒ ᭓ ᭔ ᭕ ᭖ ᭗ ᭘ ᭙
Javanese ꧐ ꧑ ꧒ ꧓ ꧔ ꧕ ꧖ ꧗ ꧘ ꧙
Sundanese ᮰ ᮱ ᮲ ᮳ ᮴ ᮵ ᮶ ᮷ ᮸ ᮹
Hindu-Arabic 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Notes

  1. ↑ Mongolian numerals are derived from Tibetan numerals and used in conjunction with the Mongolian and Clear script
  2. ↑ for liturgical use
  3. ↑ for everyday use

List of Brahmic scripts

Historical

The Brahmi script was already divided into regional variants at the time of the earliest surviving epigraphy around the 3rd century BC. Cursives of the Brahmi script began to diversify further from around the 5th century AD and continued to give rise to new scripts throughout the Middle Ages. The main division in antiquity was between northern and southern Brahmi. In the northern group, the Gupta script was very influential, and in the southern group the Vatteluttu and Kadamba/Pallava scripts with the spread of Buddhism sent Brahmic scripts throughout Southeast Asia.[citation needed]

Early Brahmic scripts
IAST Ashoka Girnar Chandra
-gupta		 Gujarat Prayagraj Narbada Kistna
a Brahmi a.svg Gupta girnar a.svg Gupta ashoka a.svg Gupta gujarat a.svg Gupta allahabad a.svg Narbada a.svg Kistna a.svg
ā Brahmi aa.svg Gupta girnar aa.svg Gupta ashoka aa.svg Gupta gujarat aa.svg Gupta allahabad aa.svg Narbada aa.svg Kistna aa.svg
i Brahmi i.svg Gupta girnar i.svg Gupta ashoka i.svg Gupta gujarat i.svg Gupta allahabad i.svg Narbada i.svg Kistna i.svg
ī Brahmi ii.svg Gupta gujarat ii.svg Narbada ii.svg
u Brahmi u.svg Gupta girnar u.svg Gupta ashoka u.svg Gupta gujarat u.svg Gupta allahabad u.svg
ū Brahmi uu.svg Gupta gujarat uu.svg
ṛ Gupta girnar ri.svg Gupta ashoka ri.svg Gupta gujarat ri.svg Gupta allahabad ri.svg
e Brahmi e.svg Gupta girnar e.svg Gupta ashoka e.svg Gupta gujarat e.svg Gupta allahabad e.svg
ai Brahmi ai.svg Gupta girnar ai.svg
o Brahmi o1.svg Gupta girnar o.svg Gupta ashoka o.svg Gupta gujarat o.svg Gupta allahabad o.svg
au Gupta ashoka au.svg Gupta gujarat au.svg Gupta allahabad au.svg
k Brahmi k.svg Gupta girnar k.svg Gupta ashoka k.svg Gupta gujarat k.svg Gupta allahabad k.svg Narbada k.svg Kistna k.svg
kh Brahmi kh.svg Gupta girnar kh.svg Gupta ashoka kh.svg Gupta gujarat kh.svg Gupta allahabad kh.svg Narbada kh.svg Kistna kh.svg
g Brahmi g.svg Gupta girnar g.svg Gupta ashoka g.svg Gupta gujarat g.svg Gupta allahabad g.svg Narbada g.svg Kistna g.svg
gh Brahmi gh.svg Gupta girnar gh.svg Gupta ashoka gh.svg Gupta gujarat gh.svg Gupta allahabad gh.svg Narbada gh.svg Kistna gh.svg
ṅ Brahmi ng.svg Gupta ashoka ng.svg Gupta gujarat ng.svg Gupta allahabad ng.svg Narbada ng.svg Kistna ng.svg
c Brahmi c.svg Gupta girnar c.svg Gupta ashoka c.svg Gupta gujarat c.svg Gupta allahabad c.svg Narbada c.svg Kistna v.svg
ch Brahmi ch.svg Gupta girnar ch.svg Gupta ashoka ch.svg Gupta gujarat ch.svg Gupta allahabad ch.svg Narbada ch.svg
j Brahmi j.svg Gupta girnar j.svg Gupta ashoka j.svg Gupta gujarat j.svg Gupta allahabad j.svg Narbada j.svg Kistna j.svg
jh Brahmi jh.svg Gupta ashoka jh.svg
ñ Brahmi ny.svg Gupta girnar ny.svg Gupta ashoka ny.svg Gupta gujarat ny.svg Gupta allahabad ny.svg Narbada ny.svg Kistna ny.svg
ṭ Brahmi tt.svg Gupta girnar tt.svg Gupta ashoka tt.svg Gupta gujarat tt.svg Gupta allahabad tt.svg Narbada tt.svg Kistna tt.svg
ṭh Brahmi tth.svg Gupta girnar tth.svg Gupta ashoka tth.svg Gupta gujarat tth.svg Gupta allahabad tth.svg Narbada tth.svg Kistna tth.svg
ḍ Brahmi dd.svg Gupta girnar dd.svg Gupta ashoka dd.svg Gupta gujarat dd.svg Gupta allahabad dd.svg Narbada dd.svg Kistna dd.svg
ḍh Brahmi ddh.svg Gupta girnar ddh.svg Gupta ashoka ddh.svg Gupta gujarat ddh.svg Gupta allahabad ddh.svg Narbada ddh.svg Kistna ddh.svg
ṇ Brahmi nn.svg Gupta girnar nn.svg Gupta ashoka nn.svg Gupta gujarat nn.svg Gupta allahabad nn.svg Narbada nn.svg Kistna nn.svg
t Brahmi t.svg Gupta girnar t.svg Gupta ashoka t.svg Gupta gujarat t.svg Gupta allahabad t.svg Narbada t.svg Kistna t.svg
th Brahmi th.svg Gupta girnar th.svg Gupta ashoka th.svg Gupta gujarat th.svg Gupta allahabad th.svg Narbada th.svg Kistna th.svg
d Brahmi d.svg Gupta girnar d.svg Gupta ashoka d.svg Gupta gujarat d.svg Gupta allahabad d.svg Narbada d.svg Kistna d.svg
dh Brahmi dh.svg Gupta girnar dh.svg Gupta ashoka dh.svg Gupta gujarat dh.svg Gupta allahabad dh.svg Narbada dh.svg Kistna dh.svg
n Brahmi n.svg Gupta girnar n.svg Gupta ashoka n.svg Gupta gujarat n.svg Gupta allahabad n.svg Narbada n.svg Kistna n.svg
p Brahmi p.svg Gupta girnar p.svg Gupta ashoka p.svg Gupta gujarat p.svg Gupta allahabad p.svg Narbada p.svg Kistna p.svg
ph Brahmi ph.svg Gupta gujarat ph.svg Gupta allahabad ph.svg Narbada ph.svg Kistna ph.svg
b Brahmi b.svg Gupta girnar b.svg Gupta ashoka b.svg Gupta gujarat b.svg Gupta allahabad b.svg Narbada b.svg Kistna b.svg
bh Brahmi bh.svg Gupta girnar bh.svg Gupta ashoka bh.svg Gupta gujarat bh.svg Gupta allahabad bh.svg Narbada bh.svg Kistna bh.svg
m Brahmi m.svg Gupta girnar m.svg Gupta ashoka m.svg Gupta gujarat m.svg Gupta allahabad m.svg Narbada m.svg Kistna m.svg
y Brahmi y.svg Gupta girnar y.svg Gupta ashoka y.svg Gupta gujarat y.svg Gupta allahabad y.svg Narbada y.svg Kistna y.svg
r Brahmi r.svg Gupta girnar r.svg Gupta ashoka r.svg Gupta gujarat r.svg Gupta allahabad r.svg Narbada r.svg Kistna r.svg
l Brahmi l.svg Gupta girnar l.svg Gupta ashoka l.svg Gupta gujarat l.svg Gupta allahabad l.svg Narbada l.svg Kistna l.svg
v Brahmi v.svg Gupta girnar v.svg Gupta ashoka v.svg Gupta gujarat v.svg Gupta allahabad v.svg Narbada v.svg Kistna v.svg
ś Brahmi sh1.svg Gupta ashoka sh.svg Gupta gujarat sh.svg Gupta allahabad sh.svg Narbada sh.svg Kistna sh.svg
ṣ Brahmi ss.svg Gupta ashoka ss.svg Gupta gujarat ss.svg Gupta allahabad ss.svg Narbada ss.svg Kistna ss.svg
s Brahmi s.svg Gupta girnar s.svg Gupta ashoka s.svg Gupta gujarat s.svg Gupta allahabad s.svg Narbada s.svg Kistna s.svg
h Brahmi h.svg Gupta girnar h.svg Gupta ashoka h.svg Gupta gujarat h.svg Gupta allahabad h.svg Narbada h.svg Kistna h.svg

<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>

Further information: Malabar script

Northern Brahmic

A map of Indo-Aryan languages using their respective Brahmic family scripts (except dark blue colored Khowar, Pashai, Kohistani, and Urdu, not marked here, which use Arabic-derived scripts).

Southern Brahmic

A map of Dravidian languages using their respective Brahmic family scripts (except Brahui, which uses an Arabic-derived script).

Unicode of Brahmic scripts

As of Unicode version

Unicode versions
Version Date Book Corresponding ISO/IEC 10646 edition Scripts Characters
Total[tablenote 1] Notable additions
1.0.0[5] October 1991 ISBN 0-201-56788-1 (Vol. 1) 24 7,129[tablenote 2] Initial repertoire covers these scripts: Arabic, Armenian, Bengali, Bopomofo, Cyrillic, Devanagari, Georgian, Greek and Coptic, Gujarati, Gurmukhi, Hangul, Hebrew, Hiragana, Kannada, Katakana, Lao, Latin, Malayalam, Oriya, Tamil, Telugu, Thai, and Tibetan.[5]
1.0.1[6] June 1992 ISBN 0-201-60845-6 (Vol. 2) 25 28,327
(21,204 added;
6 removed)		 The initial set of 20,902 CJK Unified Ideographs is defined.[6]
1.1[7] June 1993 ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993 24 34,168
(5,963 added;
89 removed;
33 reclassified
as control
characters)		 4,306 more Hangul syllables added to original set of 2,350 characters. Tibetan removed.[7]
2.0[8] July 1996 ISBN 0-201-48345-9 ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993 plus Amendments 5, 6 and 7 25 38,885
(11,373 added;
6,656 removed)		 Original set of Hangul syllables removed, and a new set of 11,172 Hangul syllables added at a new location. Tibetan added back in a new location and with a different character repertoire. Surrogate character mechanism defined, and Plane 15 and Plane 16 Private Use Areas allocated.[8]
2.1[9] May 1998 ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993 plus Amendments 5, 6 and 7, as well as two characters from Amendment 18 25 38,887
(2 added)		 Euro sign and Object Replacement Character added.[9]
3.0 September 1999 ISBN 0-201-61633-5 ISO/IEC 10646-1:2000 38 49,194
(10,307 added)		 Cherokee, Ethiopic, Khmer, Mongolian, Burmese, Ogham, Runic, Sinhala, Syriac, Thaana, Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics, and Yi Syllables added, as well as a set of Braille patterns.[10]
3.1 March 2001 ISO/IEC 10646-1:2000

ISO/IEC 10646-2:2001

 41 94,140
(44,946 added)		 Deseret, Gothic and Old Italic added, as well as sets of symbols for Western music and Byzantine music, and 42,711 additional CJK Unified Ideographs.[11]
3.2 March 2002 ISO/IEC 10646-1:2000 plus Amendment 1

ISO/IEC 10646-2:2001

 45 95,156
(1,016 added)		 Philippine scripts Buhid, Hanunó'o, Tagalog, and Tagbanwa added.[12]
4.0 April 2003 ISBN 0-321-18578-1 ISO/IEC 10646:2003 52 96,382
(1,226 added)		 Cypriot syllabary, Limbu, Linear B, Osmanya, Shavian, Tai Le, and Ugaritic added, as well as Hexagram symbols.[13]
4.1 March 2005 ISO/IEC 10646:2003 plus Amendment 1 59 97,655
(1,273 added)		 Buginese, Glagolitic, Kharoshthi, New Tai Lue, Old Persian, Syloti Nagri, and Tifinagh added, and Coptic was disunified from Greek. Ancient Greek numbers and musical symbols were also added.[14]
5.0 July 2006 ISBN 0-321-48091-0 ISO/IEC 10646:2003 plus Amendments 1 and 2, as well as four characters from Amendment 3 64 99,024
(1,369 added)		 Balinese, Cuneiform, N'Ko, Phags-pa, and Phoenician added.[15]
5.1 April 2008 ISO/IEC 10646:2003 plus Amendments 1, 2, 3 and 4 75 100,648
(1,624 added)		 Carian, Cham, Kayah Li, Lepcha, Lycian, Lydian, Ol Chiki, Rejang, Saurashtra, Sundanese, and Vai added, as well as sets of symbols for the Phaistos Disc, Mahjong tiles, and Domino tiles. There were also important additions for Burmese, additions of letters and Scribal abbreviations used in medieval manuscripts, and the addition of Capital ẞ.[16]
5.2 October 2009 ISBN 978-1-936213-00-9 ISO/IEC 10646:2003 plus Amendments 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 90 107,296
(6,648 added)		 Avestan, Bamum, Egyptian hieroglyphs (the Gardiner Set, comprising 1,071 characters), Imperial Aramaic, Inscriptional Pahlavi, Inscriptional Parthian, Javanese, Kaithi, Lisu, Meetei Mayek, Old South Arabian, Old Turkic, Samaritan, Tai Tham and Tai Viet added. 4,149 additional CJK Unified Ideographs (CJK-C), as well as extended Jamo for Old Hangul, and characters for Vedic Sanskrit.[17]
6.0 October 2010 ISBN 978-1-936213-01-6 ISO/IEC 10646:2010 plus the Indian rupee sign 93 109,384
(2,088 added)		 Batak, Brahmi, Mandaic, playing card symbols, transport and map symbols, alchemical symbols, emoticons and emoji. 222 additional CJK Unified Ideographs (CJK-D) added.[18]
6.1 January 2012 ISBN 978-1-936213-02-3 ISO/IEC 10646:2012 100 110,116
(732 added)		 Chakma, Meroitic cursive, Meroitic hieroglyphs, Miao, Sharada, Sora Sompeng, and Takri.[19]
6.2 September 2012 ISBN 978-1-936213-07-8 ISO/IEC 10646:2012 plus the Turkish lira sign 100 110,117
(1 added)		 Turkish lira sign.[20]
6.3 September 2013 ISBN 978-1-936213-08-5 ISO/IEC 10646:2012 plus six characters 100 110,122
(5 added)		 5 bidirectional formatting characters.[21]
7.0 June 2014 ISBN 978-1-936213-09-2 ISO/IEC 10646:2012 plus Amendments 1 and 2, as well as the Ruble sign 123 112,956
(2,834 added)		 Bassa Vah, Caucasian Albanian, Duployan, Elbasan, Grantha, Khojki, Khudawadi, Linear A, Mahajani, Manichaean, Mende Kikakui, Modi, Mro, Nabataean, Old North Arabian, Old Permic, Pahawh Hmong, Palmyrene, Pau Cin Hau, Psalter Pahlavi, Siddham, Tirhuta, Warang Citi, and Dingbats.[22]
8.0 June 2015 ISBN 978-1-936213-10-8 ISO/IEC 10646:2014 plus Amendment 1, as well as the Lari sign, nine CJK unified ideographs, and 41 emoji characters[23] 129 120,672
(7,716 added)		 Ahom, Anatolian hieroglyphs, Hatran, Multani, Old Hungarian, SignWriting, 5,771 CJK unified ideographs, a set of lowercase letters for Cherokee, and five emoji skin tone modifiers.[24]
9.0 June 2016 ISBN 978-1-936213-13-9 ISO/IEC 10646:2014 plus Amendments 1 and 2, as well as Adlam, Newa, Japanese TV symbols, and 74 emoji and symbols[25] 135 128,172
(7,500 added)		 Adlam, Bhaiksuki, Marchen, Newa, Osage, Tangut, and 72 emoji.[26][27]
10.0 June 2017 ISBN 978-1-936213-16-0 ISO/IEC 10646:2017 plus 56 emoji characters, 285 hentaigana characters, and 3 Zanabazar Square characters[28] 139 136,690
(8,518 added)		 Zanabazar Square, Soyombo, Masaram Gondi, Nüshu, hentaigana (non-standard hiragana), 7,494 CJK unified ideographs, 56 emoji, and bitcoin symbol.[29]
11.0 June 2018 ISBN 978-1-936213-19-1 ISO/IEC 10646:2017 plus Amendment 1, as well as 46 Mtavruli Georgian capital letters, 5 CJK unified ideographs, and 66 emoji characters.[30] 146 137,374
(684 added)		 Dogra, Georgian Mtavruli capital letters, Gunjala Gondi, Hanifi Rohingya, Indic Siyaq numbers, Makasar, Medefaidrin, Old Sogdian and Sogdian, Mayan numerals, 5 urgently needed CJK unified ideographs, symbols for xiangqi (Chinese chess) and star ratings, and 145 emoji.[31]
12.0 March 2019 ISBN 978-1-936213-22-1 ISO/IEC 10646:2017 plus Amendments 1 and 2, as well as 62 additional characters.[32] 150 137,928
(554 added)		 Elymaic, Nandinagari, Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong, Wancho, Miao script additions for several Miao and Yi dialects in China, hiragana and katakana small letters for writing archaic Japanese, Tamil historic fractions and symbols, Lao letters for Pali, Latin letters for Egyptological and Ugaritic transliteration, hieroglyph format controls, and 61 emoji.[33]
12.1 May 2019 ISBN 978-1-936213-25-2 150 137,929
(1 added)		 Adds a single character at U+32FF for the square ligature form of the name of the Reiwa era.[34]
13.0[35] March 2020 ISBN 978-1-936213-26-9 ISO/IEC 10646:2020[36] 154 143,859
(5,930 added)		 Chorasmian, Dives Akuru, Khitan small script, Yezidi, 4,969 CJK unified ideographs added (including 4,939 in Ext. G), Arabic script additions used to write Hausa, Wolof, and other languages in Africa and other additions used to write Hindko and Punjabi in Pakistan, Bopomofo additions used for Cantonese, Creative Commons license symbols, graphic characters for compatibility with teletext and home computer systems from the 1970s and 1980s, and 55 emoji.[35]
14.0[37] September 2021 ISBN 978-1-936213-29-0 159 144,697
(838 added)		 Toto, Cypro-Minoan, Vithkuqi, Old Uyghur, Tangsa, Latin script additions at SMP blocks (Ext-F, Ext-G) for use in extended IPA, Arabic script additions for use in languages across Africa and in Iran, Pakistan, Malaysia, Indonesia, Java, and Bosnia, and to write honorifics, additions for Quranic use, other additions to support languages in North America, the Phillipines, India, and Mongolia, addition of the Kyrgyzstani som currency symbol, support for Znamenny musical notation, and 37 emoji.[37]
  1. ↑ The number of characters listed for each version of Unicode is the total number of graphic and format characters (i.e., excluding private-use characters, control characters, noncharacters and surrogate code points).
  2. ↑ Not counting 'space' or 33 non-printing characters (7,163 total)[5]

, the following Brahmic scripts have been encoded:

script derivation Period of derivation usage notes ISO 15924 Unicode range(s) sample
Ahom Burmese[38] 13th century Extinct Ahom language Ahom U+11700–U+1174F 𑜒𑜠𑜑𑜨𑜉
Balinese Kawi 11th century Balinese language Bali U+1B00–U+1B7F ᬅᬓ᭄ᬲᬭᬩᬮᬶ
Batak Pallava 14th century Batak languages Batk U+1BC0–U+1BFF ᯘᯮᯒᯖ᯲ ᯅᯖᯂ᯲
Baybayin Kawi 14th century Tagalog, other Philippine languages Tglg U+1700–U+171F ᜊᜌ᜔ᜊᜌᜒᜈ᜔
Bengali-Assamese (Eastern Nagari) Siddhaṃ 11th century Angika, Assamese language (Assamese script variant), Bengali language (Bengali script variant), Bishnupriya, Maithili, Meitei language (constitutionally termed as "Manipuri")[39] Beng U+0980–U+09FF
  • অসমীয়া লিপি
  • বাংলা লিপি
Bhaiksuki Gupta 11th century Was used around the turn of the first millennium for writing Sanskrit Bhks U+11C00–U+11C6F 𑰥𑰹𑰎𑰿𑰬𑰲𑰎𑰱
Buhid Kawi 14th century Buhid language Buhd U+1740–U+175F ᝊᝓᝑᝒᝇ
Mon-Burmese Pallava 11th century Burmese language, Mon language, numerous modifications for other languages including Chakma, Eastern and Western Pwo Karen, Geba Karen, Kayah, Rumai Palaung, S'gaw Karen, Shan Mymr U+1000–U+109F, U+A9E0–U+A9FF, U+AA60–U+AA7F မြန်မာအက္ခရာ
Chakma Burmese 8th century Chakma language Cakm U+11100–U+1114F 𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟𑄳𑄦
Cham Pallava 8th century Cham language Cham U+AA00–U+AA5F ꨌꩌ
Devanagari Nagari 13th century Several Indo-Aryan languages (Konkani, Marathi, Hindi, Sanskrit, Nepali, Bhili, Sindhi, Gujarati etc), Sino-Tibetan languages (Bodo, Nepal Bhasa, Sherpa etc.), Mundari (Austroasiatic language) and others. Deva U+0900–U+097F, U+A8E0–U+A8FF, U+11B00–U+11B5F देवनागरी
Dhives Akuru Gupta Before 6th-8th century Was used to write the Maldivian language up until the 20th century.[40] Diak U+11900–U+1195F 𑤞𑥂𑤧𑤭𑥂
Dogra Takri Was used to write Dogri. Dogra script is closely related to Takri.[41] Dogr U+11800–U+1184F 𑠖𑠵𑠌𑠤𑠬
Grantha Pallava 6th century Restricted use in traditional Vedic schools to write Sanskrit. Was widely used by Tamil speakers for Sanskrit and the classical language Manipravalam. Gran U+11300–U+1137F 𑌗𑍍𑌰𑌨𑍍𑌥
Gujarati Nagari 17th century Gujarati language, Kutchi language Gujr U+0A80–U+0AFF ગુજરાતી લિપિ
Gunjala Gondi uncertain 16th century Used for writing the Adilabad dialect of the Gondi language.[42] Gong U+11D60–U+11DAF 𑵶𑶍𑶕𑶀𑵵𑶊 𑵶𑶓𑶕𑶂𑶋
Gurmukhi Sharada 16th century Punjabi language Guru U+0A00–U+0A7F ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ
Hanunó'o Kawi 14th century Hanuno'o language Hano U+1720–U+173F ᜱᜨᜳᜨᜳᜢ
Javanese Kawi 16th century Javanese language, Sundanese language, Madurese language Java U+A980–U+A9DF ꦄꦏ꧀ꦱꦫꦗꦮ
Kaithi Nagari 16th century Historically used for writing legal, administrative, and private records. Kthi U+11080–U+110CF 𑂍𑂶𑂟𑂲
Kannada Telugu-Kannada Around 4th-6th century Sanskrit, Kannada, Konkani, Tulu, Badaga, Kodava, Beary, others Knda U+0C80–U+0CFF ಕನ್ನಡ ಅಕ್ಷರಮಾಲೆ
Kawi Pallava 8th century Kawi was found primarily in Java and used across much of Maritime Southeast Asia between the 8th century and the 16th century.[43] Kawi U+11F00–U+11F5F 𑼒𑼮𑼶
Khmer Pallava 11th century Khmer language Khmr U+1780–U+17FF, U+19E0–U+19FF អក្សរខ្មែរ
Khojki Landa 16th century Some use by Ismaili communities. Was used by the Khoja community for Muslim religious literature. Khoj U+11200–U+1124F 𑈉𑈲𑈐𑈈𑈮
Khudawadi Landa 16th century Was used by Sindhi communities for correspondence and business records. Sind U+112B0–U+112FF 𑊻𑋩𑋣𑋏𑋠𑋔𑋠𑋏𑋢
Lao Khmer 14th century Lao language, others Laoo U+0E80–U+0EFF ອັກສອນລາວ
Lepcha Tibetan 8th century Lepcha language Lepc U+1C00–U+1C4F ᰛᰩᰴ
Limbu Lepcha 9th century Limbu language Limb U+1900–U+194F ᤛᤡᤖᤡᤈᤨᤅ
Lontara Kawi 17th century Buginese language, others Bugi U+1A00–U+1A1F ᨒᨚᨈᨑ
Mahajani Landa 16th century Historically used in northern India for writing accounts and financial records. Mahj U+11150–U+1117F 𑅬𑅱𑅛𑅧𑅑
Makasar Kawi 17th century Was used in South Sulawesi, Indonesia for writing the Makassarese language.[44] Makasar script is also known as "Old Makassarese" or "Makassarese bird script" in English-language scholarly works.[45] Maka U+11EE0–U+11EFF 𑻪𑻢𑻪𑻢
Malayalam Grantha 12th century Malayalam Mlym U+0D00–U+0D7F മലയാളലിപി
Marchen Tibetan 7th century Was used in the Tibetan Bön tradition to write the extinct Zhang-Zhung language Marc U+11C70–U+11CBF 𑱳𑲁𑱽𑱾𑲌𑱵𑲋𑲱𑱴𑱶𑲱𑲅𑲊𑱱
Meetei Mayek Tibetan[verification needed] 6th century[46] officially used for Meitei language (constitutionally termed as "Manipuri") in accordance to "The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021"[47] Mtei U+AAE0–U+AAFF, U+ABC0–U+ABFF ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ
Modi Nāgarī 17th century Was used to write the Marathi language Modi U+11600–U+1165F 𑘦𑘻𑘚𑘲
Multani Landa Was used to write the Multani language Mult U+11280–U+112AF 𑊠𑊣𑊖𑊚
Nandinagari Nāgarī 7th century Historically used to write Sanskrit in southern India Nand U+119A0–U+119FF 𑧁𑧞𑦿𑧒𑧁𑧑𑦰𑧈𑧓
New Tai Lue Tai Tham 1950s Tai Lü language Talu U+1980–U+19DF ᦟᦲᧅᦎᦷᦺᦑ
Odia Siddhaṃ 13th century Odia language Orya U+0B00–U+0B7F ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅକ୍ଷର
ʼPhags-pa Tibetan 13th century Historically used during the Mongol Yuan dynasty. Phag U+A840–U+A87F ꡖꡍꡂꡛ ꡌ
Prachalit (Newa) Nepal Has been used for writing the Sanskrit, Nepali, Hindi, Bengali, and Maithili languages Newa U+11400–U+1147F 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐔𑐮𑐶𑐟
Rejang Kawi 18th century Rejang language, mostly obsolete Rjng U+A930–U+A95F ꥆꤰ꥓ꤼꤽ ꤽꥍꤺꥏ
Saurashtra Grantha 20th century Saurashtra language, mostly obsolete Saur U+A880–U+A8DF ꢱꣃꢬꢵꢰ꣄ꢜ꣄ꢬꢵ
Sharada Gupta 8th century Was used for writing Sanskrit and Kashmiri Shrd U+11180–U+111DF 𑆯𑆳𑆫𑆢𑆳
Siddham Gupta 7th century Was used for writing Sanskrit Sidd U+11580–U+115FF 𑖭𑖰𑖟𑖿𑖠𑖽
Sinhala Brahmi[48] 4th century[49] Sinhala language Sinh U+0D80–U+0DFF, U+111E0–U+111FF ශුද්ධ සිංහල
Sundanese Kawi 14th century Sundanese language Sund U+1B80–U+1BBF, U+1CC0–U+1CCF ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ
Sylheti Nagari Nagari 16th century Historically used for writing the Sylheti language Sylo U+A800–U+A82F ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠘꠣꠉꠞꠤ
Tagbanwa Kawi 14th century Various languages of Palawan, nearly extinct Tagb U+1760–U+177F ᝦᝪᝨᝯ
Tai Le Mon 13th century Tai Nüa language Tale U+1950–U+197F ᥖᥭᥰᥖᥬᥳᥑᥨᥒᥰ
Tai Tham Mon 13th century Northern Thai language, Tai Lü language, Khün language Lana U+1A20–U+1AAF ᨲᩫ᩠ᩅᨾᩮᩬᩥᨦ
Tai Viet Thai 16th century Tai Dam language Tavt U+AA80–U+AADF ꪼꪕꪒꪾ
Takri Sharada 16th century Was used for writing Chambeali, and other languages Takr U+11680–U+116CF 𑚔𑚭𑚊𑚤𑚯
Tamil Pallava 2nd century Tamil language Taml U+0B80–U+0BFF, U+11FC0–U+11FFF தமிழ் அரிச்சுவடி
Telugu Telugu-Kannada 5th century Telugu language Telu U+0C00–U+0C7F తెలుగు లిపి
Thai Old Khmer 13th century Thai language Thai U+0E00–U+0E7F อักษรไทย
Tibetan Gupta 8th century Classical Tibetan, Dzongkha, Ladakhi language Tibt U+0F00–U+0FFF བོད་ཡིག་
Tirhuta Siddham 13th century Historically used for the Maithili language Tirh U+11480–U+114DF 𑒞𑒱𑒩𑒯𑒳𑒞𑒰

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Court, C. (1996). Introduction. In P. T. Daniels & W. Bright (Eds.) The World's Writing Systems (pp. 443). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  3. ↑ Court, C. (1996). The spread of Brahmi Script into Southeast Asia. In P. T. Daniels & W. Bright (Eds.) The World's Writing Systems (pp. 445–449). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2
    • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
    • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1
    • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
    • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1
    • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
    • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1
    • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
    • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1
    • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
    • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1
    • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
    • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  39. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  43. ↑ Aditya Bayu Perdana and Ilham Nurwansah 2020. Proposal to encode Kawi
  44. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  45. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  46. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  47. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  48. ↑ Daniels (1996), p. 379.
  49. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

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