Northern City Line

Not to be confused with the City branch of the Northern line or the North London Line.

Northern City Line
A Class 313 train departing Moorgate.
Overview
Type	Commuter rail, Suburban rail
System	National Rail
Status	Operational
Locale	Greater London
Termini	Finsbury Park Moorgate
Stations	6
Operation
Opened	1904
Owner	Network Rail
Operator(s)	Great Northern
Depot(s)	Hornsey
Rolling stock	British Rail Class 313
Technical
No. of tracks	Two
Track gauge	1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Loading gauge	W6
Electrification	25 kV 50hz AC OHLE (Drayton Park and north) 750 V DC third rail (Drayton Park and south)

Northern City Line
Legend
LNER Alexandra Palace branch (Conversion started but abandoned) Alexandra Palace Muswell Hill Northern line via Finchley Central Cranley Gardens Highgate depot Highgate Northern line via Kentish Town Crouch End Stroud Green East Coast Main Line Finsbury Park Holloway Junction Drayton Park to King's Cross Victoria line to Walthamstow Central North London Line Highbury & Islington North London and East London Lines Victoria line to Brixton Essex Road Old Street Thameslink Moorgate Lothbury

The Northern City Line is a railway line from Moorgate to Finsbury Park in London, part of the Great Northern Route services. It is underground from Moorgate to Drayton Park, and runs in a cutting from there until meeting the East Coast Main Line south of Finsbury Park. It carries passengers from London's northern suburbs to and from the City of London, the UK's main financial centre. Services used to run only on weekdays until around 10pm; at other times all trains ran to King's Cross instead. However, from the December 2015 timetable change, the service was extended to run during evenings and weekends meeting a new franchise commitment for a minimum of 6 trains per hour until 23:59 on weekdays and 4 trains per hour at weekends.

The line was formerly part of London Underground, and during its history has been described or managed as part of both the Metropolitan and Northern lines (sometimes as the "Highbury Branch"), although it has never been connected to either. Built as an isolated route with a northern terminus at Finsbury Park, a reconstruction finished in 1976 connected it to the National Rail network and began its modern service pattern. It is now owned by Network Rail and served by commuter trains operated by Great Northern from Moorgate to Welwyn Garden City, Hertford North and Letchworth Garden City.

History

The Great Northern & City Railway was planned to allow electrified trains to run from the Great Northern Railway, now the East Coast main line, at Finsbury Park to the City of London at Moorgate. Despite being built using similar methods to the tube network then under construction, the tunnels were built large enough to take a main-line train, with an internal diameter of 16 feet (4.9 m), compared with those of the Central London Railway with a diameter less than 12 feet (3.7 m). However, the Great Northern eventually opposed the scheme and cancelled its electrification plans, and the line opened in 1904 with the northern terminus in tunnels underneath Finsbury Park GNR station. It was originally electrified with an unusual fourth-rail system with a conductor rail outside both running rails.

The GN&CR was bought in 1913 by the Metropolitan Railway, which operated what are today the Metropolitan and Hammersmith & City lines and the former East London line. They had plans to link it to the Circle line and to the Waterloo & City line, but these were never fulfilled. During this period, the line remained an isolated branch, without through services to any other part of the rail network. Carriages were brought to it through a connection into a freight yard near Drayton Park station, where a small depot was built to service trains.

The GN&CR generating station closed when the Metropolitan Railway took over, and became the studio of Gainsborough Pictures. After lying derelict for many years, it was a temporary venue for the Almeida Theatre, and has since been redeveloped as apartments.

After the Metropolitan amalgamated with the other Underground railways as part of the formation of the London Passenger Transport Board in 1933, the line was renamed the Northern City Line and became branded as part of the Edgware-Morden Line, which was renamed to the Northern line in 1937. As part of London Transport's New Works Programme, the Northern Heights plan would have connected the Northern City Line at Finsbury Park to existing main-line suburban branches to Alexandra Palace, High Barnet and Edgware, which would be taken over by London Transport and electrified. The Highgate branch of the Edgware-Morden Line would connect to this network north of Highgate. Only parts of this plan were completed: when the Second World War started, the Highgate link and electrification of the Barnet branch were well under way and ultimately completed, but the Northern City connection to Highgate was first postponed and finally cancelled after the war.

The planned 1930s Northern Heights extensions, showing the diversion of the Northern City Line to Alexandra Palace, Bushey Heath and High Barnet. Sections marked in solid green were ultimately taken over. The line from Highgate to Finsbury Park already existed but was to be absorbed by London Transport; this never happened and it closed to passengers in 1954. After being used to transfer tube trains from Highgate depot to the Northern City line, it closed permanently in 1970.

After the war there were proposals to extend the Northern City Line north and south. The London Plan Working Party Report of 1949 proposed several new lines and suburban electrification schemes for London, lettered from A to M. The lower-priority routes J and K would have seen the Northern City extended to Woolwich (Route J) and Crystal Palace (Route K), retaining the "Northern Heights" extensions to Edgware and Alexandra Palace. The lines would have run in small-diameter tube tunnels south from Moorgate to Bank and London Bridge. The "K" branch would have run under Peckham to Peckham Rye, joining the old Crystal Palace (High Level) branch (which was still open in 1949) near Lordship Lane. Nothing came of these proposals, and the Edgware, Alexandra Palace and Crystal Palace (High Level) branches were all closed to passengers in 1954. As a result, the Northern City Line remained isolated from the rest of the network.

Services were cut back from Finsbury Park to Drayton Park in 1964 to make room for the Victoria line to use the low-level platforms at Finsbury Park. The former Piccadilly line platforms became the northbound Piccadilly/Victoria line platforms, and the former Northern City Line platforms the southbound Piccadilly and Victoria line ones. At the same time a change was made at Highbury and Islington, with the northbound Northern City line diverted to a new platform alongside the Northbound Victoria line, and the southbound Victoria using the former northbound Northern City platform, also providing cross platform interchange. Passengers from Moorgate to Finsbury Park took the Northern City line to Highbury and Islington and then changed onto the Victoria.

In 1970 the line was renamed Northern line (Highbury Branch) and the following year an agreement was made to transfer it to British Rail and connect it (as intended by its original promoters) to the main line via surface platforms at Finsbury Park as part of a wider plan to electrify ECML suburban services. By running commuter trains to Moorgate instead of King's Cross, congestion at King's Cross was relieved.

The last London Underground services ran in October 1975 and British Rail services commenced in August 1976, replacing services to Broad Street via the city branch of the North London Line. These BR services used the name "Great Northern Electrics". The track and tunnels are now owned by Network Rail. Services are provided by Great Northern to Welwyn Garden City, and Hertford Loop Line services to Hertford North (some extending to Stevenage or Hitchin or Letchworth). The name "Northern City Line" has been revived to refer to the underground part of the route.

Accidents

Moorgate accident

The Moorgate tube crash, the most serious accident on the London Underground, occurred at Moorgate on 28 February 1975, when a Highbury Branch train ran through the terminus at speed and crashed into the dead end of the tunnel beyond, apparently because the driver failed to brake. The cause of the accident, which killed 43 people, was never determined: a report found that there was insufficient evidence to say if the accident was due to a deliberate act or a medical condition.

Tunnel penetration incident

On 8 March 2013, pile driving operations from a building site in East Road, Hackney, 13 metres above the tunnel, penetrated and obstructed the line between Old Street and Essex Road stations. A serious accident was averted by the actions of an observant train driver, and the line was restricted for several days for repairs. A subsequent investigation by the Rail Accident Investigation Branch was highly critical of the lack of infrastructure protection by Network Rail and carelessness on the part of the site investigation contractor, the piling contractor, and the local planning authority.

Current rolling stock

The line is electrified with 25 kV AC overhead line from Finsbury Park to Drayton Park, and 750 V DC third rail from there in tunnel to Moorgate. Services are operated by dual-voltage Class 313 electric multiple units (EMUs), the only units certified for use on the line. In keeping with regulations for trains operating in single-bore tunnels, they have emergency doors at the end of each unit, and when operating on 750 V DC the two motor coaches are electrically separate as far as the traction supply goes. Unlike other contemporary units, there are no DC traction supply jumper cables between carriages. All Class 313 units operating over the NCL have their Driving Motor B vehicle at the London end, and whilst on DC are electronically limited to 30 mph, which is the maximum line speed. All stations are long enough to accept six car trains.

The Class 313 units are amongst the oldest still operating on the National Rail network. As a consequence, when it took over the Thameslink/Great Northern franchise, Govia Thameslink Railway announced that it would procure a total of 150 new carriages to completely replace the Class 313 fleet operating services to Moorgate.

Passenger volume

These are the number of passengers using stations on the line from the year beginning April 2002 to the year beginning April 2013.

Station usage
Station Name	2002–03	2004–05	2005–06	2006–07	2007–08	2008–09	2009–10	2010–11	2011–12	2012–13	2013–14
Finsbury Park	3,006,865	5,021,634	5,041,828	5,875,109	5,545,881	5,492,164	6,566,019	7,337,297	6,448,792	6,430,270	6,429,584
Drayton Park	164,459	129,849	118,426	288,324	279,243	261,164	338,246	478,144	505,230	552,840	572,418
Highbury and Islington	No data	No data	No data	4,809,098	4,751,391	4,173,338	5,668,133	7,625,235	11,800,800	14,695,098	15,840,018
Essex Road	356,425	118,145	115,680	274,645	384,504	336,338	401,718	474,340	482,764	521,464	572,332
Old Street	No data	No data	No data	733,612	813,166	827,762	1,326,797	1,434,785	1,336,722	1,396,260	1,455,920
London Moorgate	832	7,135,238	7,263,068	9,235,925	10,108,616	9,373,435	6,736,698	7,187,012	7,860,382	7,997,460	9,051,956
The annual passenger usage is based on sales of tickets in stated financial years from Office of Rail Regulation statistics. The statistics are for passengers arriving and departing from each station and cover twelve month periods that start in April. Please note that methodology may vary year on year.

See also

• Northern Heights plan

External links

• Underground Line Guide – Northern line – comprehensive history of the Northern line and its branches