Blanche of Lancaster

Blanche of Lancaster
Duchess of Lancaster
Blanche of Lancaster and John of Gaunt on their tomb monument in St Paul's Cathedral, as depicted in 1658 by Wenceslaus Hollar. Anachronistic inaccuracies include Blanche's early-16th-century-style gable headdress
Born	25 March 1345 Bolingbroke Castle, Lincolnshire
Died	12 September 1368 (aged 23) Tutbury Castle, Staffordshire
Burial	St Paul's Cathedral, London
Spouse	John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster
Issue more...	Philippa, Queen of Portugal Elizabeth, Duchess of Exeter Henry IV Bolingbroke, King of England
House	Plantagenet
Father	Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster
Mother	Isabel de Beaumont

Blanche of Lancaster (25 March 1345 – 12 September 1368) was a member of the English royal House of Plantagenet, daughter of the kingdom's wealthiest and most powerful peer, Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster. She was the first wife of John of Gaunt, the mother of King Henry IV, and the grandmother of King Henry V of England.

Lineage

Blanche was born on 25 March 1345, although the year 1347 has also been suggested.

She was the younger daughter of Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster and his wife Isabel de Beaumont. She and her elder sister Maud, Countess of Leicester, were born at Bolingbroke Castle in Lindsey. Maud married Ralph de Stafford and then William I, Duke of Bavaria; however, Maud did not have children so her younger sister inherited their father's titles and estates.

Marriage

The Marriage of John of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster in Reading Abbey on 19 May 1359 by Horace Wright (1914), The Museum of Reading.

On 19 May 1359, at Reading Abbey, Reading, Berkshire, Blanche married her third cousin, John of Gaunt, third son of King Edward III. The whole royal family was present at the wedding, and the King gave Blanche expensive gifts of jewellery.

The title Duke of Lancaster became extinct upon her father's death without male heirs in 1361. However, John of Gaunt became Earl of Lancaster, Earl of Derby, Earl of Lincoln and Earl of Leicester (although Gaunt did not receive all of these titles until the death of Blanche's older sister, Maud, in 1362) as he was married to Blanche. The Duchy of Lancaster (second creation) was later bestowed on Gaunt. The influence associated with the titles would lead him to become Lord High Steward of England.

Jean Froissart described Blanche (following her death) as "jone et jolie" ("young and pretty"). Geoffrey Chaucer described "White" (the central figure in his Book of the Duchess, believed to have been inspired by Blanche: see below) in such terms as "rody, fresh, and lyvely hewed", her neck as "whyt, smothe, streght, and flat", and her throat as "a round tour of yvoire": she was "bothe fair and bright", and Nature's "cheef patron [pattern] of beautee".

Gaunt and Blanche's marriage is widely believed to have been happy, although there is little solid evidence for this. The assumption seems to be based on the fact that Gaunt chose to be buried with Blanche, despite his two subsequent marriages, and on the themes of love, devotion and grief expressed in Chaucer's poem (see below) – a rather circular argument, as it is partly on the basis of these themes that the couple's relationship is identified as the inspiration for the poem. Blanche and Gaunt had seven children, three of whom survived infancy.

The tomb of Blanche and John of Gaunt in St. Paul's Cathedral, as represented in an etching of 1658 by Wenceslaus Hollar. The etching includes a number of inaccuracies, for example in not showing the couple with joined hands.

Death and commemoration

Blanche died at Tutbury Castle, Staffordshire, on 12 September 1368 while her husband was overseas. She was 23 years of age at the time of her death, although Froissart reported that she died aged about 22. It is believed that she may have died after contracting the Black Death which was rife in Europe at that time. Her funeral at St. Paul's Cathedral in London was preceded by a magnificent cortege attended by most of the upper nobility and clergy. John of Gaunt held annual commemorations of her death for the rest of his life and established a joint chantry foundation on his own death.

In 1373, Jean Froissart wrote a long poem, Le Joli Buisson de Jonece, commemorating both Blanche and Philippa of Hainault (Gaunt's mother, who had died in 1369).

It may have been for one of the anniversary commemorations of Blanche's death that Geoffrey Chaucer, then a young squire and mostly unknown writer of court poetry, was commissioned to write what became The Book of the Duchess in her honour. Though Chaucer's intentions can never be defined with absolute certainty, many believe that at least one of the aims of the poem was to make John of Gaunt see that his grief for his late wife had become excessive, and to prompt him to try to overcome it.

In 1374, six years after her death, John of Gaunt commissioned a double tomb for himself and Blanche from the mason Henry Yevele. The magnificent monument in the choir of St Paul's was completed by Yevele in 1380, with the assistance of Thomas Wrek, having cost a total of £592. Gaunt himself died in 1399, and was laid to rest beside Blanche. The two effigies were notable for having their right hands joined. An adjacent chantry chapel was added between 1399 and 1403.

Issue

Blanche and John of Gaunt together had seven children:

• Philippa of Lancaster (31 March 1360 – 19 July 1415), wife of John I of Portugal.
• John of Lancaster (c.1362/1364); died in early infancy.
• Elizabeth of Lancaster (21 February 1364 – 24 November 1426); married firstly John Hastings, 3rd Earl of Pembroke, secondly to John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter, thirdly to John Cornwall, 1st Baron Fanhope.
• Edward of Lancaster (1365–1365).
• John of Lancaster (4 May 1366); died in early infancy.
• Henry IV of England (3 April 1367 – 20 March 1413); married firstly Mary de Bohun and secondly Joanna of Navarre.
• Isabel of Lancaster (b.1368); died young.

The Book of the Duchess

Geoffrey Chaucer was commissioned by Gaunt to write a poem after Blanche's death which was titled The Book of the Duchess. The poem tells the story of the poet's dream. Wandering a wood, the poet discovers a knight clothed in black, and inquires of the knight's sorrow. The knight, meant to represent John of Gaunt, is mourning a terrible tragedy, which mirrors Gaunt's own extended mourning for Blanche.

Ancestry

Family of Blanche of Lancaster

16. Henry III of England               8. Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster                       17. Eleanor of Provence               4. Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster                             18. Robert I of Artois               9. Blanche of Artois                       19. Matilda of Brabant               2. Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster                                   20. Patrick de Chaworth               10. Patrick de Chaworth, Lord of Kidwelly                       21. Hawise de Londres               5. Maud Chaworth                             22. William de Beauchamp, 9th Earl of Warwick               11. Isabella de Beauchamp                       23. Maud FitzJohn               1. Blanche of Lancaster                                         24. Jean I of Jerusalem               12. Louis de Brienne                       25. Berengaria of Leon               6. Henry de Beaumont                             26. Raoul VIII, Viscount de Beaumont               13. Agnés de Beaumont                       27. Agnes de la Fleche               3. Isabel of Beaumont                                   28. Alexander Comyn, Earl of Buchan               14. Alexander Comyn, Sheriff of Aberdeen                       29. Elizabeth de Quincy               7. Alice Comyn                             30. William le Latimer               15. Joan le Latimer                       31. Alicia Ledet