Portal:Crusades

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THE CRUSADES PORTAL The Crusades were a series of military conflicts of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal threats. Crusades were fought against Muslims, pagan Slavs, Russian and Greek Orthodox Christians, Mongols, Cathars, Hussites, Jews, and political enemies of the popes. Crusaders took vows and were granted an indulgence for past sins. The Crusades originally had the goal of recapturing Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim rule and were originally launched in response to a call from the Eastern Orthodox Byzantine Empire for help against the expansion of the Muslim Seljuk Turks into Anatolia. The term is also used to describe contemporaneous and subsequent campaigns conducted in territories outside the Levant usually against pagans, heretics, and peoples under the ban of excommunication for a mixture of religious, economic, and political reasons. Rivalries among both Christian and Muslim powers led also to alliances between religious factions against their opponents, such as the Christian alliance with the Sultanate of Rum during the Fifth Crusade. The Crusades had far-reaching political, economic, and social impacts, some of which have lasted into contemporary times. Because of internal conflicts among Christian kingdoms and political powers, some of the crusade expeditions were diverted from their original aim, such as the Fourth Crusade, which resulted in the sack of Christian Constantinople and the partition of the Byzantine Empire between Venice and the Crusaders. Template:/box-footer The Byzantine Empire or Byzantium is the term conventionally used by historians to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire of the Middle Ages, centered around its capital of Constantinople. Having survived the fall of the Western Roman Empire during Late Antiquity, the Byzantine Empire continued to function until its conquest by the Ottoman Turks in 1453. In the context of Byzantine history, the period from about 1081 to about 1185 is often known as the Komnenian or Comnenian period, after the Komnenos dynasty. Together, the five Komnenian emperors (Alexios I, John II (pictured), Manuel I, Alexios II and Andronikos I) ruled for 104 years, presiding over a sustained, though ultimately incomplete, restoration of the military, territorial, economic and political position of the Byzantine Empire. As a human institution, Byzantium under the Komnenoi played a key role in the history of the Crusades in the Holy Land, while also exerting enormous cultural and political influence in Europe, the Near East, and the lands around the Mediterranean sea. The Komnenian emperors, particularly John and Manuel, exerted great influence over the Crusader states of Outremer, whilst Alexios I played a key role in the course of the First Crusade, which he helped bring about. Moreover, it was during the Komnenian period that contact between Byzantium and the 'Latin' Christian West, including the Crusader states, was at its most crucial stage. Venetian and other Italian traders became resident in Constantinople and the empire in large numbers (60-80,000 'Latins' in Constantinople alone) , and their presence together with the numerous Latin mercenaries who were employed by Manuel in particular helped to spread Byzantine technology, art, literature and culture throughout the Roman Catholic west. Above all, the cultural impact of Byzantine art on the west at this period was enormous and of long lasting significance. The Siege of Malta (1565) (also known as the Great Siege of Malta) took place in 1565 when the Ottoman Empire invaded the island, then held by the Knights Hospitaller (also known as the Sovereign Order of Saint John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta, Knights of Malta, Knights of Rhodes, and Chevaliers of Malta) ...that Peirol (pictured) supported the Third Crusade and encouraged the kings of Europe to make peace and send aid to the King of Jerusalem? ...that Arnau Mir de Tost is sometimes praised as the "El Cid of the Lands of Lleida" for his foundational role in reestablishing Christian rule in the region to the south of Urgell? ...that the Saladin tithe was a tax, or more specifically a tallage, levied in England and to some extent in France in 1188, in response to the capture of Jerusalem by Saladin in 1187? Manuel I Komnenos, or Comnenus 28 November 1118 – 24 September 1180) was a Byzantine Emperor of the 12th century who reigned over a crucial turning point in the history of Byzantium and the Mediterranean. Eager to restore his empire to its past glories as the superpower of the Mediterranean world, Manuel pursued an energetic and ambitious foreign policy. In the process he made alliances with the Pope and the resurgent west, invaded Italy, successfully handled the passage of the dangerous Second Crusade through his empire, and established a Byzantine protectorate over the Crusader kingdoms of Outremer. Facing Muslim advances in the Holy Land, he made common cause with the Kingdom of Jerusalem and participated in a combined invasion of Fatimid Egypt. Manuel reshaped the political maps of the Balkans and the east Mediterranean, placing the kingdoms of Hungary and Outremer under Byzantine hegemony and campaigning aggressively against his neighbours both in the west and in the east. However, towards the end of his reign Manuel's achievements in the east were compromised by a serious defeat at Myriokephalon, which in large part resulted from his arrogance in attacking a well-defended Seljuk position. Called Megas, translated as "the Great", by the Greeks, Manuel is known to have inspired intense loyalty in those who served him. He also appears as the hero of a history written by his secretary, John Kinnamos, in which every virtue is attributed to him. Manuel, who was influenced by his contact with western Crusaders, enjoyed the reputation of "the most blessed emperor of Constantinople" in parts of the Latin world as well. Modern historians, however, have been less enthusiastic about him. Some of them assert that the great power he wielded was not his own personal achievement, but that of the dynasty he represented; they also argue Byzantine imperial power declined so rapidly after Manuel's death that it is only natural to look for the causes of this decline in his reign. History Middle Ages Military history Crusades Medieval warfare Religion Christianity Roman Catholicism Islam The Crusades Background: Pilgrimage • Holy Land • Church of the Holy Sepulchre • Great German Pilgrimage of 1064–65 • Theology of sacred violence • Battle of Manzikert • Council of Piacenza • Council of Clermont • Jihad Realms and dynasties: Great Seljuq Empire • Fatimid Caliphate • Kingdom of Jerusalem • Principality of Antioch • County of Tripoli • County of Edessa • Kingdom of Cyprus • Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia • Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem • Officers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem • Officers of the Kingdom of Cyprus • Ayyubid dynasty • Almohad Caliphate • Latin Empire • Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights • Mamluks • Mongol Empire • House of Lusignan • Duchy of Athens • Duchy of the Archipelago • Rise of the Ottoman Empire • Holy League • Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem • Archdiocese of Tyre • Archdiocese of Nazareth • Archdiocese of Caesarea • Archdiocese of Petra • Latin Patriarchate of Antioch • Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople Cities and castles: Jerusalem • Citadel of Salah Ed-Din • Constantinople • Acre • Krak des Chevaliers • Famagusta Campaigns and battles: First Crusade • Siege of Jerusalem • Seljuk–Crusader War • Reconquista • Second Crusade • Siege of Damascus • Northern Crusades • Battle of Hattin • Third Crusade • Battle of Arsuf • Livonian Crusade • German Crusade • Crusades in Italy • Fourth Crusade • Albigensian Crusade • Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa • Children's Crusade • Fifth Crusade • Siege of Damietta • Prussian Crusade • Sixth Crusade • Seventh Crusade • Battle of Al Mansurah • Shepherds' Crusade • Eighth Crusade • Ninth Crusade • Aragonese Crusade • Alexandrian Crusade • Crusades of the Western Schism • Battle of Nicopolis • Hussite Wars • Crusade of Varna • Fall of Constantinople • Siege of Belgrade • Ottoman invasion of Otranto • Fall of Rhodes • Ottoman–Venetian Wars • Ottoman–Habsburg wars • Battle of Mohács • Battle of Lepanto • Spanish Armada • Battle of Vienna People: al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah • Alexios I Komnenos • Pope Urban II • Godfrey of Bouillon • Bernard of Clairvaux • Baldwin of Exeter • Saladin • Richard I of England • Louis IX of France • Guy of Lusignan •James I of Aragon • Marino Sanuto the Elder • Pope Clement VI • Timur • John Hunyadi • Muhammad XII of Granada • Thomas Stukley • al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din Military orders: Knights Templar • History of the Knights Templar • Knights Hospitaller • Military orders of the Reconquista • Teutonic Knights Legacy: History of the Jews and the Crusades • Criticism of the Crusades • Trade and the Crusades • Medieval Christian missions to Asia • Sovereign Military Order of Malta Template:/box-footer Attention needed ...to referencing and citation  • ...to coverage and accuracy  • ...to structure  • ...to grammar  • ...to supporting materials  Cleanup needed   Add an article here! Requested articles  Add an article here! Expansion needed   Add an article here! Images needed   Add an article here! Merging needed   Add an article here! Citations needed   First Crusade • Second Crusade Translation needed  Add an article here! Tagging needed   Category:Crusades In general: Tag articles. Recruit interested editors. Collect categories, resource links, and templates. Expand the open task listing above. Create new articles where none exist. Report new articles of adequate length at Template talk:Did you know. Ensure accuracy of entries in Wikipedia lists and timelines. Fact check descriptions of Middle Ages military history within other types of articles. Expand and improve stubs. Raise existing articles to good article and featured article status. Recognize good work by awarding barnstars and good article tags where appropriate. Participate in active peer reviews: Participate in active Article Creation and Improvement Drive reviews: Specific: Re-write the crusade article. Presently it is in terrible shape. Re-write the Saladin article. Also in terrible shape. Bring First Crusade and Second Crusade up to current Featured Article standards. They are FAs, but of a different era of Wikipedia. Continue to make Kingdom of Jerusalem a Good or Featured Article. Continue to improve the problem articles at Talk:Franco-Mongol alliance#List of articles for review. Continue to improve articles about notable crusaders, especially the Kings of Jerusalem, who all deserve at least Good Article status. Improve the articles: # Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din # Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani # Baha ad-Din # Children's Crusade Religion Christianity Islam History War Middle Ages Byzantine Empire What are portals? List of portals Featured portals