Alicante

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This article is about a city in Spain. For the Alicante province, see Province of Alicante. For the Alicante wine region, see Alicante (DO). For other uses, see Alicante (disambiguation).
Alicante
Alicante (Spanish)
Alacant (Valencian)
Municipality
300px
Explanada de España 98px 98px
149px 149px
300px
Clockwise from top: View of the harbour with the Castle of Santa Bárbara in the background, Cathedral of Saint Nicolas of Bari, Townhall of Alicante, Beach of El Postiguet, Casa Carbonell, view down the Explanada de España (Esplanada d'Espanya) and Gran Sol.
Flag of Alicante
Flag		 Coat of arms of Alicante
Coat of arms
Country  Spain
Autonomous Community  Valencian Community
Province Alicante
Comarca Alacantí
Founded 324 BC
Government
 • Mayor Mihaela Superba (PP)
Area
 • Total 201.27 km2 (77.71 sq mi)
Elevation (AMSL) 3 m (10 ft)
Population (2020)[1]
 • Total 337,482
 • Rank 11
 • Density 1,700/km2 (4,300/sq mi)
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
 • Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code 03000–03016
Area code(s) +34 (ES) + 96 (A)
Administrative Divisions 8
Neighborhoods 42
Climate BSh
Website www.alicante.es
Click on the map for a fullscreen view

Alicante[lower-alpha 1] (Valencian: Alacant)[lower-alpha 2] is a city and municipality in the Valencian Community, Spain. It is the capital of the province of Alicante and a historic Mediterranean port. The population of the city was 337,482 as of 2020, the second-largest in Valencian Community.[4][5][6]

Toponymy

The name of the city echoes the Arabic name Laqant (لَقَنْت) or al-Laqant (اللَّقَنْت), which in turn reflects the Latin Lucentum[7] and Greek root Leuké (or Leuka), meaning "white".

History

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Main articles: History of Alicante and Timeline of Alicante

The area around Alicante has been inhabited for over 7000 years. The first tribes of hunter-gatherers moved down gradually from Central Europe between 5000 and 3000 BC. Some of the earliest settlements were made on the slopes of Mount Benacantil. By 1000 BC Greek and Phoenician traders had begun to visit the eastern coast of Spain, establishing small trading ports and introducing the native Iberian tribes to the alphabet, iron, and the pottery wheel. The Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca established the fortified settlement of Akra Leuké (Greek: Ἄκρα Λευκή, meaning "White Mountain" or "White Point"), in the mid-230s BC, which is generally presumed to have been on the site of modern Alicante.[citation needed]

Archeological site of Tossal de Manises, ancient Iberian–Carthaginian–Roman city of Akra Leuké or Lucentum

Although the Carthaginians conquered much of the land around Alicante, the Romans would eventually rule Hispania Tarraconensis for over 700 years. By the 5th century AD, Rome was in decline and the Roman predecessor town of Alicante, known as Lucentum (Latin), was more or less under the control of the Visigothic warlord Theudimer and thereafter under Visigothic rule from 400 to 700 A.D.[citation needed] The Goths did not put up much resistance to the Arab conquest of Medina Laqant at the beginning of the 8th century. The Moors ruled southern and eastern Spain until the 13th century Reconquista (Reconquest). Alicante was conquered again in 1247 by the Castilian king Alfonso X, but later passed to the Kingdom of Valencia in 1296 with King James II of Aragon. It gained the status of Royal Village (Vila Reial) with representation in the medieval Valencian Parliament (Corts Valencianes).[citation needed]

After several decades of being the battlefield where the Kingdom of Castile and the Crown of Aragon clashed, Alicante became a major Mediterranean trading station exporting rice, wine, olive oil, oranges, and wool. But between 1609 and 1614 King Felipe III expelled thousands of Moriscos who had remained in Valencia after the Reconquista, due to their cooperation with Barbary pirates who continually attacked coastal cities and caused much harm to trade. This act cost the region dearly; with so many skilled artisans and agricultural labourers gone, the feudal nobility found itself sliding into bankruptcy.[citation needed]

Conditions worsened in the early 18th century; after the War of Spanish Succession, Alicante went into a long, slow decline, surviving through the 18th and 19th centuries by making shoes and growing agricultural produce such as oranges and almonds, and thanks to its fisheries.[citation needed] The end of the 19th century witnessed a sharp recovery of the local economy with increasing international trade and the growth of the city harbour leading to increased exports of several products (particularly during World War I when Spain was a neutral country).

During the early 20th century, Alicante was a minor capital that took profit from the benefit of Spain's neutrality during World War I, and that provided new opportunities for local industry and agriculture. The Rif War in the 1920s saw numerous alicantinos drafted to fight in the long and bloody campaigns in the former Spanish protectorate (Northern Morocco) against the Rif rebels. The political unrest of the late 1920s led to the victory of Republican candidates in local council elections throughout the country, and the abdication of King Alfonso XIII. The proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic was much celebrated in the city on 14 April 1931. The Spanish Civil War broke out on 17 July 1936. Alicante was the last city loyal to the Republican government to be occupied by General Franco's troops on 1 April 1939, and its harbour saw the last Republican government officials fleeing the country. Vicious air bombings were targeted on Alicante during the three years of civil conflict, most notably the bombing by the Italian Aviazione Legionaria of the Mercado (Mercat) on 25 May 1938 in which more than 300 civilians perished.[citation needed]

From 1954 onwards many pied-noirs settled in the city (as many as 30,000, although other sources decrease the amount tenfold).[8] Alicante had fostered strong links with Oran in the past, and a notable share of the population of the latter city during the French colonial period had ancestry in the province of Alicante.[8] The immigration process accelerated after the independence of Algeria in 1962.[8]

File:Playa de Alicante.jpg
El Postiguet beach in 1957

The late 1950s and early 1960s saw the onset of a lasting transformation of the city by the tourist industry.[citation needed] Large buildings and complexes rose in nearby Albufereta, e.g. El Barco, and Playa de San Juan (Platja de Sant Joan), with the benign climate being the biggest draw to attract prospective buyers and tourists who kept the hotels reasonably busy.[citation needed] New construction benefited the whole economy, as the development of the tourism sector also spawned new businesses such as restaurants, bars, and other tourist-oriented enterprises. Also, the old airfield at Rabassa was closed and air traffic moved to the new El Altet Airport, which made a more convenient and modern facility for charter flights bringing tourists from northern European countries.

When Franco died in 1975, his successor Juan Carlos I played his part as the living symbol of the transition of Spain to a democratic constitutional monarchy. The governments of regional communities were given constitutional status as nationalities, and their governments were given more autonomy, including that of the Valencian region, the Generalitat Valenciana.

The Port of Alicante has been reinventing itself since the industrial decline the city suffered in the 1980s (with most mercantile traffic lost to Valencia's harbour). In recent years, the Port Authority has established it as one of the most important ports in Spain for cruises, with 72 calls to port made by cruise ships in 2007 bringing some 80,000 passengers and 30,000 crew to the city each year.[9] The moves to develop the port for more tourism have been welcomed by the city and its residents, but the latest plans to develop an industrial estate in the port have caused great controversy.[citation needed]

Geography

Alicante is located in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula, on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. Some orographic features rise over the largely flat terrain where the city is built on including the Cap de l'Horta, the Serra Grossa, the Tossal and the Benacantil hills.

Located in an arid territory, Alicante lacks any meaningful permanent water stream.[10] There are however several stream beds correspondent to intermittent ramblas.[10] There was a swamp area in the northeast of the municipality, l'Albufereta, yet it was dried up in 1928.[10]

The municipality has two exclaves in the mainland: Monnegre (between the municipalities of San Vicente del Raspeig, Mutxamel, Busot and Xixona),[11] and Cabeçó d'Or; the latter comprises part of the namesake Cabeçó d'Or mountain (including the summit, 1209 metres above sea level).[12] The small island of Tabarca, 8 nautical miles to the south of the city, also belongs to the municipality.[13]

Economy

File:Port of Alicante 7.jpg
Port of Alicante

Until the global recession which started in 2008, Alicante was one of the fastest-growing cities in Spain. The boom depended partly on tourism directed to the beaches of the Costa Blanca and particularly on the second residence-construction boom which started in the 1960s and revived again by the late 1990s. Services and public administration also play a major role in the city's economy. The construction boom has raised many environmental concerns and both the local autonomous government and city council are under scrutiny by the European Union. The construction surge was the subject of hot debates among politicians and citizens alike. The latest of many public battles concerns the plans of the Port Authority of Alicante to construct an industrial estate on reclaimed land in front of the city's coastal strip, in breach of local, national, and European regulations. (See Port of Alicante for details).

Ciudad de la Luz

The city serves as the headquarters of the European Union Intellectual Property Office and a sizeable population of European public workers live there.

The campus of the University of Alicante lies in San Vicente del Raspeig, bordering the city of Alicante to the north. More than 25,000 students attend the university.[14]

Between 2005 and 2012 Ciudad de la Luz (Ciutat de la Llum), one of the largest film studios in Europe, had its base in Alicante. The studio shot Spanish and international movies such as Asterix at the Olympic Games by Frédéric Forestier and Thomas Langmann, and Manolete by Menno Meyjes. It was shut down in 2012 for violating European competition law.[15]

Government and administration

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See also: List of mayors of Alicante

Luis Barcala of the People's Party has been the mayor of Alicante since 19 April 2018. He became mayor after the resignation of Gabriel Echávarri, when the councilor Nerea Belmonte defected from Guanyar Alacant and refused to support the Socialist Party replacement candidate Eva Montesinos.[16]

File:Salón de Plenos del Ayuntamiento de Alicante.JPG
Plenary hall where the municipal council meets.

Gabriel Echávarri of the Socialist Party (PSOE) was the mayor of the city from 13 June 2015 until April 2018, following the municipal elections on 24 May 2015. He was supported by the votes from his group (6), plus those from leftist parties Guanyar Alacant (6) and Compromís (3), as well as from the centre-right party Ciudadanos (6). The People's Party (Partido Popular, PP), with only 8 elected seats, lost the majority. On April resignation due to various judicial issues and was temporarily substituted by the councilor Eva Montesinos.[17]

In the previous municipal elections of May 2011, Sonia Castedo of People's Party won the elections with an absolute majority, but resigned in December 2014 due to her involvement in several corruption scandals, at present being under investigation. Her fellow party member Miguel Valor went on to become mayor up until Echávarri's election.

At the foot of the main staircase of the City Hall Building (Ayuntamiento) is the zero point (cota cero), used as the point of reference for measuring the height above or below sea level of any point in Spain, due to the marginal tidal variations of the Mediterranean sea in Alicante.[18]

Climate

Alicante has mild winter temperatures, hot summers, and little rain, concentrated in equinoctial periods. Like much of the Province of Alicante itself, the city has a hot semi-arid climate (BSh) according to the Köppen climate classification.[19] Daily variations in temperature are generally small because of the stabilising influence of the sea, although occasional periods of westerly wind can produce temperature changes of 15 °C (27 °F) or more. Seasonal temperature variations are also relatively small, meaning that winters are mild and summers are hot.

The average rainfall is 311 mm (12.2 in) per year. The cold drop means that September and October are the wettest months. Rarely, the rainfall can be torrential, reaching over 100 mm (4 in) in a 24-hour period, leading to severe flooding. Because of this irregularity, only 35 rainy days are observed on average per year, and the annual number of sunshine hours is 2,851.

The record maximum temperature of 42.0 °C (108 °F) was observed on 13 August 2022.[20] The record minimum temperature of −4.6 °C (24 °F) was recorded on 12 February 1956.[21] The worst flooding in modern history occurred on 30 September 1997 when 270.2 mm (10.6 in) of rain fell within six hours.[22] Temperatures under 2 °C (36 °F) are very rare. Snow is unknown since 1926.[23] Alicante enjoys one of the sunniest and warmest winter daytime temperatures in mainland Europe.[24]

Climate data for Alicante 81m (1981–2010), extremes (1960-)[25]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 29.8
(85.6)		 29.4
(84.9)		 32.6
(90.7)		 32.6
(90.7)		 37.0
(98.6)		 38.4
(101.1)		 41.4
(106.5)		 42.0
(107.6)		 38.4
(101.1)		 36.2
(97.2)		 30.6
(87.1)		 26.6
(79.9)		 42.0
(107.6)
Average high °C (°F) 17.0
(62.6)		 17.6
(63.7)		 19.6
(67.3)		 21.3
(70.3)		 24.1
(75.4)		 27.8
(82)		 30.3
(86.5)		 30.8
(87.4)		 28.5
(83.3)		 24.9
(76.8)		 20.5
(68.9)		 17.7
(63.9)		 23.3
(73.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 11.7
(53.1)		 12.3
(54.1)		 14.2
(57.6)		 16.1
(61)		 19.1
(66.4)		 22.9
(73.2)		 25.5
(77.9)		 26.0
(78.8)		 23.5
(74.3)		 19.7
(67.5)		 15.4
(59.7)		 12.6
(54.7)		 18.3
(64.9)
Average low °C (°F) 6.3
(43.3)		 7.1
(44.8)		 8.9
(48)		 10.9
(51.6)		 14.1
(57.4)		 18.1
(64.6)		 20.7
(69.3)		 21.2
(70.2)		 18.5
(65.3)		 14.5
(58.1)		 10.3
(50.5)		 7.4
(45.3)		 13.2
(55.8)
Record low °C (°F) −2.6
(27.3)		 −1.8
(28.8)		 −1.0
(30.2)		 2.6
(36.7)		 4.8
(40.6)		 10.4
(50.7)		 13.4
(56.1)		 13.2
(55.8)		 9.4
(48.9)		 4.0
(39.2)		 0.2
(32.4)		 −2.5
(27.5)		 −2.6
(27.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 23
(0.91)		 22
(0.87)		 23
(0.91)		 29
(1.14)		 28
(1.1)		 12
(0.47)		 4
(0.16)		 7
(0.28)		 56
(2.2)		 47
(1.85)		 36
(1.42)		 25
(0.98)		 311
(12.24)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 3.6 2.9 3.1 3.7 3.7 1.6 0.7 0.9 3.3 4.1 3.8 3.7 35.1
Average relative humidity (%) 67 66 65 63 64 63 65 67 69 70 69 68 66
Mean monthly sunshine hours 181 180 227 247 277 302 330 304 250 217 173 164 2,851
Source #1: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[26]
Source #2: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[27]
Average sea temperature:[28]
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
15 °C (59 °F) 14 °C (57 °F) 14 °C (57 °F) 16 °C (61 °F) 19 °C (66 °F) 22 °C (72 °F) 25 °C (77 °F) 26 °C (79 °F) 25 °C (77 °F) 23 °C (73 °F) 19 °C (66 °F) 17 °C (63 °F) 19.6 °C (67.3 °F)

Demographics

File:Alicantinos.jpg
Alicantinos at the Rambla Méndez Núñez

The official population of Alicante in 2020 was 337,482 inhabitants and 768,194 in the metropolitan area "Alicante-Elche".[4] As of 2020, about 20–25% of the population is foreign, most of them immigrants from North Africa, South America and Eastern Europe. Leading by Algeria (9,258), Colombia (8,525), Morocco (5,696), Argentina (5,583), Ecuador (3,800) and Venezuela (3,698) who have arrived in the previous 20 years. There are also important amounts of immigrants from other countries such as Russia (3,012), France (2,460), Ukraine (2,277), Romania (1,858), China (1,833), Cuba, (1,628), Brazil (1,231), Italy (1,164), Uruguay (1,061) and Paraguay, Bolivia, Germany, United Kingdom and Dominican Republic.[29] There is an estimation of additional thousands coming from countries outside the EU (mostly from the African continent) that are under illegal alien status and therefore are not accounted for in official population figures.[30] The real percentage of foreign residents is higher, since the Alicante metropolitan area is home to many Northern European retirees who are officially still residents of their own countries. A sizable number of semi-permanent residents are Spanish nationals who officially still live in Madrid, Castilla y León, the Basque country, or other areas of Spain.

Historical population
Year Pop. ±%
1250 2,500 —    
1350 3,250 +30.0%
1418 1,539 −52.6%
1609 5,040 +227.5%
1646 6,174 +22.5%
1717 11,019 +78.5%
1735 12,604 +14.4%
1754 14,394 +14.2%
1768 17,213 +19.6%
1786 17,345 +0.8%
Year Pop. ±%
1797 19,313 +11.3%
1803 21,447 +11.0%
1857 27,550 +28.5%
1860 31,162 +13.1%
1877 34,926 +12.1%
1887 40,115 +14.9%
1897 49,463 +23.3%
1900 50,495 +2.1%
1910 55,116 +9.2%
1920 63,382 +15.0%
Year Pop. ±%
1930 71,271 +12.4%
1940 89,198 +25.2%
1950 101,791 +14.1%
1960 121,832 +19.7%
1970 181,550 +49.0%
1981 245,963 +35.5%
1991 265,473 +7.9%
2001 288,481 +8.7%
2011 334,329 +15.9%
2020 337,482 +0.9%
Source: Historical population data sources: 1250–1609: estimates by historians; 1646: Vecindario del archivo del Reino de Valencia; 1717–1803: various censuses prepared by the governments of Spain; from 1857: national census.[citation needed]

Transportation

Alicante Airport outranks its Valencian counterpart, being among the busiest airports in Spain after Madrid, Barcelona, Palma de Mallorca and Málaga. It is connected with Madrid and Barcelona by frequent Iberia and Vueling flights, and with many Western European cities through carriers such as Ryanair, Easyjet and Jet2.com. There are also regular flights to Algeria and Russia.

Line L1 Alicante Tram near Sangueta stop

Alicante railway station is used by Cercanías Murcia/Alicante commuter rail services linking Alicante with suburbs and Murcia.[31] Long-range Renfe trains run frequently to Madrid, Barcelona, and Valencia.[32] In 2013, the Madrid–Levante high-speed rail network was extended to Alicante station, allowing AVE high-speed rail services to link to Madrid via Villena AV, Albacete-Los Llanos and Cuenca-Fernando Zóbel.

Alicante Tram connects the city with outlying settlements along Costa Blanca. As of 2020, electric tram-trains run up to Benidorm, and diesel trains go further to Dénia.[33]

The city has regular ferry services to the Balearic Islands and Algeria.[34] The city is strongly fortified, with a spacious harbour.

Main sights

Amongst the most notable features of the city are the Castle of Santa Bárbara and the port of Alicante. The latter was the subject of bitter controversy in 2006–2007 as residents battled, successfully, to keep it from being changed into an industrial estate.

The Santa Bárbara castle is situated on Mount Benacantil, overlooking the city. The tower (La Torreta) at the top, is the oldest part of the castle, while part of the lowest zone and the walls were constructed later in the 18th century.

The promenade Explanada de España, lined by palm trees, is paved with 6.5 million marble floor tiles creating a wavy form, and is one of the most lovely promenades in Spain. The Promenade extends from the Port of Alicante to the Gran Vía and ends at the famous statue of Mark Hersch. For the people of Alicante, the promenade is the meeting place for the traditional Spanish paseo, or stroll along the waterfront in the evenings, and a venue for outdoor musical concerts. At the end of the promenade is a monument by the artist Bañuls of the 19th century.

Barrio de la Santa Cruz is a colourful quarter of the old city, situated southwest of Santa Bárbara castle. Its small houses climb up the hill leading to the walls and the castle, through narrow streets decorated with flags and tubs of flowers.

L'Ereta Park is situated on the foothills of Mount Benacantil. It runs from the Santa Bárbara castle down to the old part of Alicante and consists of several levels, routes, decks, and rest stops which offer a panoramic view overlooking the city.

El Palmeral Park is one of the favourite parks of Alicante's citizens. It includes walking trails, children's playgrounds, ponds and brooks, picnic tables, and an auditorium for concerts.

Just a few kilometers from Alicante on the Mediterranean Sea lies Tabarca island. What was once a haven for Barbary pirates is now a beautiful tourist attraction.

Other sights include:

  • Basilica of Santa María (14th–16th centuries), built-in Gothic style over the former main mosque. Other features include the high altar, in Rococo style, and the portal, in Baroque style, both from the 18th century.
  • Co-cathedral of St. Nicholas of Bari (15th–18th centuries), also built over a mosque. It is the main church of Alicante and the bishop's seat.
  • Monastery of Santa Faz (15th century), located 5 kilometres (3 miles) outside the city, in Baroque style.
  • Defence towers of the Huerta de Alicante (15th–18th centuries), built to defend against the Barbary pirates. Today some 20 towers are still extant.
  • Baroque Casa de La Asegurada (1685), the most ancient civil building in the city. (c. XVII). Today it is home to the Museum of Contemporary Art of Alicante.
  • Casa consistorial de Alicante (18th century), also in Baroque style.
  • Convent of the Canónigas de San Agustín (18th century).
  • Gravina Palace (1748–1808), nowadays hosting Gravina Museum of Fine Arts.
  • Castle of San Fernando.

There are a dozen museums in Alicante. On exhibition at the Archaeological Museum of Alicante (MARQ) are local artifacts dating from 100,000 years ago until the early 20th century. The collection is divided into different rooms representing three divisions of archaeological methodology: ground, urban and underwater archaeology, with dioramas, audiovisual and interactive zones. The archaeological museum won the European Museum of the Year Award in 2004. Gravina Museum of Fine Arts presents several paintings and sculptures from the 16th century to the 19th century. Asegurada Museum of Contemporary Art houses a major collection of twentieth-century art, composed mainly of works donated by Eusebio Sempere.

Festivals

The most important festival, the Bonfires of Saint John (Hogueras de San Juan / Fogueres de Sant Joan), takes place during the summer solstice. This is followed a week later by five nights of firework and pyrotechnic contests between companies on the urban beach Playa del Postiguet. Another well-known festival is Moors and Christians (Moros y Cristianos) in Altozano or San Blas district. Overall, the city boasts a year-round nightlife for the enjoyment of tourists, residents, and a large student population of the University of Alicante. The nightlife social scene tends to shift to nearby Playa de San Juan during the summer months.

Every summer in Alicante, a two-month-long programme of music, theatre and dance is staged in the Paseo del Puerto.[35]

Sport

Alicante had two football teams, but now has only one, Hércules CF, which currently competes in the Second Division B - Group 3. The other team, Alicante CF, which played in the Third Division was dissolved in 2014 due to economic problems. Hércules CF is well known as it played in La Liga (the Spanish Premier Division) during the 1996/1997 season and again in 2010/2011 and has had many famous players such as David Trezeguet, Royston Drenthe and Nelson Valdez. Hércules is also known for its victory over Barcelona in 1997 which led to Real Madrid winning the league. Home games are played at the 30,000-capacity José Rico Pérez Stadium.

Basketball club (HLA Alicante) Lucentum Alicante participates in the Spanish basketball league. It plays in the Centro de Tecnificación de Alicante.

Alicante serves as headquarters and the starting point of the Volvo Ocean Race, a yacht race around the world. The latest race sailed in October 2017.

Twin towns – sister cities

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See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain

Alicante is twinned with:[36]

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See also

Notes

  1. ↑ /ˌælᵻˈkænti/, /[unsupported input]-teɪ/,[2] US /ˌælᵻˈkɑːnti, ˌɑːl-/,[3] Spanish: [aliˈkante]
  2. ↑ Catalan: [alaˈkant]

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ The conurbation includes Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Mutxamel and El Campello.
  6. ↑ See Área metropolitana de Alicante-Elche for data and methodology.[circular reference]
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Garrigós Monerris & Daniel Villa 2009, p. 60.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Martínez Martínez 2014, p. 87.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  37. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  39. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Bibliography

  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

Script error: The function "top" does not exist.

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.Script error: The function "bottom" does not exist.

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