Calcium nitrate
Names | |
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Other names
Kalksalpeter, nitrocalcite, Norwegian saltpeter, lime nitrate
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Identifiers | |
10124-37-5 13477-34-4 (tetrahydrate) |
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ChemSpider | 23336 |
Jmol 3D model | Interactive image |
PubChem | 24963 |
RTECS number | EW2985000 |
UN number | 1454 |
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Properties | |
Ca(NO3)2 | |
Molar mass | 164.088 g/mol (anhydrous) 236.15 g/mol (tetrahydrate) |
Appearance | colorless solid hygroscopic |
Density | 2.504 g/cm3 (anhydrous) 1.896 g/cm3 (tetrahydrate) |
Melting point | 561 °C (1,042 °F; 834 K) (anhydrous) 42.7 °C (109 °F; 316 K) (tetrahydrate) |
Boiling point | decomposes (anhydrous) 132 °C (270 °F; 405 K) (tetrahydrate) |
anhydrous: 1212 g/L (20 °C) 2710 g/L (40 °C) tetrahydrate: 1950 g/L (0 °C) 1290 g/L (20 °C) 3630 g/L (100 °C) |
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Solubility | soluble in ammonia almost insoluble in nitric acid |
Solubility in ethanol | 51.4 g/100 g (20 °C) 62.9 g/100 g (40 °C)[1] |
Solubility in methanol | 134 g/100 g (10 °C) 144 g/100 g (40 °C) 158 g/100 g (60 °C)[1] |
Solubility in acetone | 16.8 g/kg (20 °C)[1] |
Acidity (pKa) | 6.0 |
Structure | |
cubic (anhydrous) monoclinic (tetrahydrate) |
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Vapor pressure | {{{value}}} |
Related compounds | |
Other anions
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Calcium sulfate Calcium chloride |
Other cations
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Magnesium nitrate Strontium nitrate Barium nitrate |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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verify (what is ?) | |
Infobox references | |
Calcium nitrate, also called Norgessalpeter (Norwegian saltpeter), is the inorganic compound with the formula Ca(NO3)2. This colourless salt absorbs moisture from the air and is commonly found as a tetrahydrate. It is mainly used as a component in fertilizers but has other applications. Nitrocalcite is the name for a mineral which is a hydrated calcium nitrate that forms as an efflorescence where manure contacts concrete or limestone in a dry environment as in stables or caverns. A variety of related salts are known including calcium ammonium nitrate decahydrate and calcium potassium nitrate decahydrate.[2]
Contents
Production and reactivity
Norgessalpeter was the first synthetic nitrogen fertilizer compound to be manufactured. Production began at Notodden, Norway in 1905 by the Birkeland–Eyde process. Most of the world's calcium nitrate is now made in Porsgrunn.
It is produced by treating limestone with nitric acid, followed by neutralization with ammonia:
- CaCO3 + 2 HNO3 → Ca(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O
It is also an intermediate product of the Odda Process:
- Ca3(PO4)2 + 6 HNO3 + 12 H2O → 2 H3PO4 + 3 Ca(NO3)2 + 12 H2O
It can also be prepared from an aqueous solution of ammonium nitrate, and calcium hydroxide:
- 2 NH4NO3 + Ca(OH)2 → Ca(NO3)2 + 2 NH4OH
Like related alkaline earth metal nitrates, calcium nitrate decomposes upon heating (starting at 500 °C) to release nitrogen dioxide:[2]
- 2 Ca(NO3)2 → 2 CaO + 4 NO2 + O2 ΔH = 369 kJ/mol
Applications
Use in fertilizer
As of 1978, only 170,000 tons/year were produced for applications in fertilizers.[2] The fertilizer grade (15.5-0-0 + 19% Ca) is popular in the greenhouse and hydroponics trades; it contains ammonium nitrate and water, as the "double salt" 5Ca(NO3)2.NH4NO3·10H2O. This is called calcium ammonium nitrate. Formulations lacking ammonia are also known: Ca(NO3)2·4H2O (11.9-0-0 + 16.9%Ca). A liquid formulation (9-0-0 + 11% Ca) is also offered. An anhydrous, air-stable derivative is the urea complex Ca(NO3)2·4[OC(NH2)2], which has been sold as Cal-Urea.
Waste water treatment
Calcium nitrate is used in waste water pre-conditioning for odour emission prevention. The waste water pre-conditioning is based on establishing an anoxic biology in the waste water system. In the presence of nitrate, the metabolism for sulfates stops, thus preventing formation of hydrogen sulphide.[3] Additionally easy degradable organic matter is consumed, which otherwise can cause anaerobic conditions downstream as well as odour emissions itself. The concept is also applicable for surplus sludge treatment.[4]
Concrete
Calcium nitrate is used in set accelerating concrete admixtures. This use with concrete and mortar is based on two effects. The calcium ion accelerates formation of calcium hydroxide and thus precipitation and setting. This effect is used also in cold weather concreting agents as well as some combined plasticizers.[5] The nitrate ion leads to formation of iron hydroxide, whose protective layer reduces corrosion of the concrete reinforcement.[6]
Cold packs
The dissolution of calcium nitrate tetrahydrate is highly endothermic (cooling). For this reason, calcium nitrate tetrahydrate is sometimes used for regenerable cold packs.[2]
References
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Salts and covalent derivatives of the Nitrate ion | |||||||||||||||||||
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HNO3 | He | ||||||||||||||||||
LiNO3 | Be(NO3)2 | B(NO3)4− | C | N | O | FNO3 | Ne | ||||||||||||
NaNO3 | Mg(NO3)2 | Al(NO3)3 | Si | P | S | ClONO2 | Ar | ||||||||||||
KNO3 | Ca(NO3)2 | Sc(NO3)3 | Ti(NO3)4 | VO(NO3)3 | Cr(NO3)3 | Mn(NO3)2 | Fe(NO3)3 | Co(NO3)2, Co(NO3)3 |
Ni(NO3)2 | Cu(NO3)2 | Zn(NO3)2 | Ga(NO3)3 | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr | ||
RbNO3 | Sr(NO3)2 | Y | Zr(NO3)4 | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd(NO3)2 | AgNO3 | Cd(NO3)2 | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe(NO3)2 | ||
CsNO3 | Ba(NO3)2 | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg2(NO3)2, Hg(NO3)2 |
Tl(NO3)3 | Pb(NO3)2 | Bi(NO3)3 | Po | At | Rn | |||
Fr | Ra | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Uut | Fl | Uup | Lv | Uus | Uuo | |||
↓ | |||||||||||||||||||
La | Ce(NO3)3, Ce(NO3)4 |
Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd(NO3)3 | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | |||||
Ac | Th | Pa | UO2(NO3)2 | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No | Lr |
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Wolfgang Laue, Michael Thiemann, Erich Scheibler, Karl Wilhelm Wiegand “Nitrates and Nitrites” in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.doi:10.1002/14356007.a17_265. Article Online Posting Date: June 15, 2000
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Justines, H. (2010) "Calcium Nitrate as a Multifunctional Concrete Admixture" Concrete Magazine, Vol 44, No1, p.34. ISSN: 0010-5317
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- Calcium compounds
- Nitrates
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- Inorganic fertilizers
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