Climate of Sydney

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The weather of the Sydney CBD is recorded at Observatory Hill.

The climate of Sydney is temperate, having warm, sometimes hot summers and mild winters.[1][2] Rainfall is spread evenly throughout the year, though is highest between March and June.[3] Summer highs average at around 25–31 °C (77–88 °F), and winter highs at 15–20 °C (59–68 °F). Inner Sydney does not experience extreme seasonal differences as the weather is moderated by proximity to the ocean, and more extreme temperatures are recorded in the inland western suburbs where seasonal variation is more noticeable.

Sydney has 103.9 clear days annually,[4][5] with the monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 53% in January to 72% in August.[6] Sydney gets around 30 thunderstorms per year.[5][7] Sydney would usually get dry heat, especially when temperatures soar over 30 °C (86 °F).[8][9] In some days, low pressure troughs would increase humidity and southerly busters would decrease temperatures later in the day.[10][11]

In late autumn and winter, east coast lows can bring large amounts of rainfall. Even in its months of highest rainfall Sydney has relatively few rainy days, on average less than 13 rainy days per month. Sea temperatures average 21 °C (70 °F) and range between 19 °C (66 °F) in July and 24 °C (75 °F) in January.

The El Niño Southern Oscillation plays an important role in determining Sydney's weather patterns: drought and bushfire on the one hand, and storms and flooding on the other, associated with the opposite phases of the Southern Oscillation. Sydney is prone to heat waves and drought, which have become more common in recent years.[12][13][14][15]

Temperature and seasons

Summer

File:Bondi Beach 4.jpg
Beaches are a common visits among residents and tourists alike in a Sydney summer (Bondi Beach).

In the Sydney central business district, an average of 14.9 days a year have temperatures of more than 30 °C (86 °F) and 3.0 days with temperatures over 35 °C (95 °F).[5] In contrast, western suburbs such as Liverpool and Penrith have 41.4 and 67.5 days of temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F), 10.2 and 19.0 days above 35 °C (95 °F), and, 1.2 and 3.9 days above 40 °C (104 °F), respectively.[16][17]

The western suburbs are significantly hotter than the Sydney CBD by 2–5 °C (4–9 °F). In extreme occasions, the coast would have a temperature of 25 °C (77 °F) with a sea breeze, while a suburb 30 km (19 mi) inland bakes in 36 °C (97 °F) heat. At times, sea breezes do eventually reach the inland suburbs later in the day and would moderate the temperatures. Temperatures tend to be stable in late summer where they rarely go below 21 °C (70 °F) or over 40 °C (104 °F), unlike late spring and early summer where such extremities would occur.[5]

In late spring and summer, Sydney can sometimes get northwesterly winds from the Outback, which are dry and hot, making the temperatures soar above 38 °C (100 °F), with the relative humidity as low as 15%. This happens after the northwesterlies are carried entirely over the continental landmass, not picking up additional moisture from a body of water and retaining most of their heat. On these occasions, Sydney can experience the fury of the desert climate,[18] although they are often ended with a Southerly Buster, which is a cold front that sweeps up from the southeast abruptly cooling the temperature. At times, this cold front would bring thunderstorms, rainfall and gale winds.[19][20]

When temperatures reach over 30 °C (86 °F) in a summer afternoon, the relative humidity would rarely exceed 40%. Though mornings and nights would still mostly be humid, with the 9am relative humidity ranging from 69% to 75%.[5][16] The average 3pm dewpoint temperature in the summer ranges from 16.2 °C (61.2 °F) at the coast, to 14.4 °C (57.9 °F) inland. The highest recorded maximum temperature at Observatory Hill was 45.8 °C (114.4 °F) on 18 January 2013 during a prolonged heat wave across Australia from early December 2012 to late January 2013.[21] The highest recorded minimum at Observatory Hill is 27.6 °C (81.7 °F).[5]

Winter

File:Gum Trees in the Sydney Winter Fog, New South Wales, Australia (3593082913).jpg
A foggy morning in a Sydney bushland.

In winter, the diurnal range in the western suburbs is relatively high, with temperatures being as high as 19 °C (66 °F) during the day and as low as 5 °C (41 °F) at nights. Such low temperatures may provide mild to moderate frost in the western suburbs.[22] Lows in the Sydney CBD rarely drop below 5 °C (41 °F), mainly due to proximity to the ocean.[5]

In the west, Liverpool and Richmond have 4.0 and 38.8 nights, respectively, where temperatures dip below 2 °C (36 °F). On average, only 1.0 night in Liverpool and 17.7 nights in Richmond have lows going below 0 °C (32 °F).[16] 9am humidity ranges from 61% to 74% across the Sydney region, with the more higher figures experienced in June mornings.[5][16]

Fog is common in winter mornings, namely in June when moist easterlies dominate. The western suburbs are more prone to fog than Sydney CBD. Highs of 14 °C (57 °F), whilst rare, are not unheard of in the winter. During late winter, dry westerly dominate resulting in extreme conditions, where maximum temperatures would go as high as 30 °C (86 °F) on some days.[23]

The lowest recorded minimum at Observatory Hill was 2.1 °C (35.8 °F) on 22 June 1932,[5] while the coldest in the Sydney metropolitan area was −8 °C (18 °F), in Richmond. The lowest recorded maximum temperature at Observatory Hill was 7.7 °C (45.9 °F).

Autumn and Spring

File:Autumn Colors, Centennial Park Sydney Australia (3613606566).jpg
Autumn leaves observed in Centennial Park, Sydney.

Autumnal conditions start at around mid April when temperatures noticeably cool. Temperatures are usually consistent in this season. At that time of the year, average temperature in Sydney is around 23 °C (73 °F) with mild, humid nights. East Coast Lows often form off the eastern Australian coast in late autumn and early winter, which result in widespread heavy rainfall, strong and gusty winds and high seas.[24]

Due to hot, dry westerlies, spring warmth can begin as early as August where maximum temperatures hover at around 21–22 °C (70–72 °F).[25] Hot air from the interior soaring temperatures to over 35 °C (95 °F) can expected springtime. Due to these prevailing westerlies conditions in spring are usually fine, resulting in warm days with cool nights.[26]

Extreme and inconsistent temperatures are much more prevalent in spring than in autumn. In spring, hot days would be cooled down by a southerly buster which eventually lower the temperatures from 40 °C (104 °F) to 20 °C (68 °F).[27] Unlike spring, autumn seldom sees such fluctuations in a day's span, nor temperatures that rise over 40 °C (104 °F). Furthermore, the diurnal range is higher in spring than it is in autumn.[5][16]

Relative humidity is the lowest in the year during spring, and highest during autumn.[5][16]


Climate data for Sydney (Observatory Hill)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 45.8
(114.4)		 42.1
(107.8)		 39.8
(103.6)		 34.2
(93.6)		 30.0
(86)		 26.9
(80.4)		 25.9
(78.6)		 31.3
(88.3)		 34.6
(94.3)		 38.2
(100.8)		 41.8
(107.2)		 42.2
(108)		 45.8
(114.4)
Average high °C (°F) 25.9
(78.6)		 25.8
(78.4)		 24.8
(76.6)		 22.4
(72.3)		 19.5
(67.1)		 17.0
(62.6)		 16.3
(61.3)		 17.8
(64)		 20.0
(68)		 22.1
(71.8)		 23.6
(74.5)		 25.2
(77.4)		 21.7
(71.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 22.3
(72.1)		 22.3
(72.1)		 21.2
(70.2)		 18.5
(65.3)		 15.5
(59.9)		 13.1
(55.6)		 12.2
(54)		 13.4
(56.1)		 15.5
(59.9)		 17.8
(64)		 19.6
(67.3)		 21.3
(70.3)		 17.73
(63.9)
Average low °C (°F) 18.7
(65.7)		 18.8
(65.8)		 17.6
(63.7)		 14.7
(58.5)		 11.6
(52.9)		 9.3
(48.7)		 8.1
(46.6)		 9.0
(48.2)		 11.1
(52)		 13.6
(56.5)		 15.7
(60.3)		 17.5
(63.5)		 13.8
(56.8)
Record low °C (°F) 10.6
(51.1)		 9.6
(49.3)		 9.3
(48.7)		 7.0
(44.6)		 4.4
(39.9)		 2.1
(35.8)		 2.2
(36)		 2.7
(36.9)		 4.9
(40.8)		 5.7
(42.3)		 7.7
(45.9)		 9.1
(48.4)		 2.1
(35.8)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 101.6
(4)		 117.6
(4.63)		 129.2
(5.087)		 128.6
(5.063)		 119.9
(4.72)		 131.9
(5.193)		 97.0
(3.819)		 79.8
(3.142)		 68.3
(2.689)		 76.7
(3.02)		 83.9
(3.303)		 77.6
(3.055)		 1,212.6
(47.74)
Average rainy days 12.2 12.5 13.6 12.8 13 12.5 11.1 10.4 10.5 11.6 11.7 11.5 143.8
Average relative humidity (%) 62 64 62 59 57 57 51 49 51 56 58 59 57
Mean monthly sunshine hours 235.6 202.4 213.9 207.0 195.3 177.0 204.6 244.9 237.0 244.9 228.0 244.9 2,635.5
Percent possible sunshine 53 54 56 61 59 60 65 72 66 61 55 55 59.8
Source #1: Bureau of Meteorology[5]
Source #2: Bureau of Meteorology, Sydney Airport (sunshine hours)[28]

Warm and cool periods

File:The Sydney Town Hall during the 2009 dust storm.jpg
York Street during the September 2009 dust storm.

The Bureau of Meteorology has reported that 2002 through 2005 were the warmest summers in Sydney since records began in 1859. 2004 saw an average daily maximum temperature of 23.4 °C (74.1 °F), 2005 of 23.4 °C (74.1 °F), 2002 of 22.9 °C (73.2 °F), and 2003 of 22.7 °C (72.9 °F). The average daily maximum between 1859 and 2004 was 21.6 °C (70.9 °F). Seven (of the ten) warmest years on 151 years of record have occurred in the ten years between 2001 and 2010, with this decade being the warmest on record for minimum temperatures.[36][37]

The Bureau of Meteorology reported that the summer of 2007–08 was the coolest in 11 years, the wettest in six years, the cloudiest in 16 years, and one of only three summers in recorded history to lack a maximum temperature above 31 °C (88 °F).[38]

The Bureau of Meteorology reported that 2009 was a warm year. The average annual daytime temperature at Observatory Hill was 22.9 °C (73.2 °F), which is 0.9 °C (1.6 °F) above the historical annual average. This ranks as seventh highest annual average maximum temperature since records commenced in 1859.[39] 2010 was the equal fourth warmest year on record for Sydney, with an average maximum of 22.6 °C (72.7 °F), which was 0.6 °C (1.1 °F) above the historical annual average.

In 2013, the city had the warmest July and September on record,[40][41] with September being one of the driest. In September, temperatures were 4 °C (7 °F) above average[42] and the city had over seven days where temperatures reached 28 °C (82 °F), making it more similar to November's weather pattern.[43] October 2015 had the warmest nights on record, which were 3.3 °C (5.9 °F) above average.[44]

Precipitation

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See also: 1950 Australian rainfall records
A summer thunderstorm over the city taken from Potts Point, 1991

Rainfall is fairly evenly spread through the year, with moderate to low variability. Precipitation is slightly higher during the first half of the year when easterly winds dominate (February–June), and lower in the second half (mainly July–September).[45][46] Due to the unpredictability of rain, the wettest and driest months would change in a yearly basis.[47] Within the city and surrounds, rainfall varies, from around 700 mm (27.56 in) at Badgerys Creek[48] (in the west) to 1,400 mm (55.12 in) at Turramurra (the northeast).[49]

Rain hours are longer in the winter than in the summer. In the warm months, rain comes in heavy downpours in the afternoons, usually cooling the conditions. Sometimes these afternoon showers would give away to the sun again. In the cool months, the rain is moderate and it would linger on for the whole day. In some days, rain may come in drizzle form.[5][16][50]

In the cool months, Sydney CBD is more prone to rain than the inland suburbs, mainly due to the wonted east coast low that strikes between the months of May and August. The low would usually dump more rain in the CBD than the inland areas, usually by 20 mm (0.79 in) or more. Also in winter, thanks to onshore winds and Sydney's coastal proximity, the CBD would be susceptible to some light rain and drizzle – These conditions usually don't penetrate the inland suburbs. However, the western suburbs are more inclined to have heavy rain and thunder in the summer.[51]

The city is not affected by cyclones, although remnants of ex-cyclones do affect the city.[52] The city is prone to severe hail storms, such as the 1947 Sydney hailstorm, wind storms, and flash flooding from rain caused either by east coast lows (during autumn-winter periods) and ex-tropical cyclone remnants (during spring-summer periods). They are low pressure depressions that can bring significant damage by heavy rain, cyclonic winds and huge swells. Scientists have predicted that rainfall will become more unpredictable and temperatures will be on the rise.[53]

Snowfall was last reported in the Sydney area in 1836. T. A. Browne, who kept weather observations, noted that "the years 1836, 1837 and 1838 were years of drought, and in one of these years (1836) a remarkable thing happened. There was a fall of snow; we made snowballs at Enmore and enjoyed the usual schoolboy amusements therewith". The Sydney Herald reported on the same incident, saying, "for the first time in the memory of the oldest inhabitants, snow fell in Sydney on the morning of Tuesday last. 27 June 1836, about 7 o'clock in the morning, a drifting fall covered the streets nearly one inch in depth."[54] A July 2008 fall of graupel, or soft hail, mistaken by many for snow, has raised the possibility that the 1836 event was not snow.[55]

Notable events

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See also: Severe storms in Australia
File:1947 Sydney hailstorm boat.jpg
A boat at Rose Bay during the 1947 Sydney hailstorm

A notable event was the great Sydney flood which occurred on 6 August 1986 (unusual in that month) and dumped a record 327.6 mm (12.90 in) on the city in 24 hours. This caused major traffic problems and damage in many parts of the metropolitan area.[56] The next notable event was the 1999 hailstorm, which caused severe damage in many suburbs. The storm produced hailstones of up to 9 cm (3.5 in) in diameter and resulted in insurance losses of around A$1.7 billion in less than five hours.[57]

In February 2010, Sydney received some of the highest rainfalls in 25 years with 65 mm (2.6 in) of rain falling in one night at Observatory Hill. In the first weeks of the month, some suburbs were hit by thunderstorms which brought heavy rain and gusty winds which cut out power and damaged homes.[58][59][60] The heavy rain was caused by remnants of ex-tropical Cyclone Olga and humid north-easterly winds feeding into the low pressure trough.[61][62] 2010 was an overly wet year with the cloudiest October and the third cloudiest July on record. In 2011, Sydney recorded its wettest July since 1950. The CBD recorded 244 mm (9.61 in) of rain that month. 2011 was also the wettest year since records began in 1858.[63]

File:Sydney hailstorms, car and sidewalk.jpg
The aftermath of the April 1999 hailstorm.

In November 2013, a tornado hit Hornsby, a suburb in the Upper North Shore. The tornado's path was 2 km (1.2 mi) long and 50 m (160 ft) wide. The tornado blew off roofs and toppled large trees. The winds in the tornado reached 140 kilometres per hour (87 mph).[64][65]

On 14 October 2014, a rainstorm described as a "once-in-a-century event" hit the Sydney region. Parts of Sydney received the heaviest amount of rain in a span of hours in decades. 94 mm (3.70 in) of rain fell in Strathfield in just over three hours. The winds were cyclonic in nature, with Sydney Airport having over 107 km/h (66 mph) gusts, reaching category 1 strength. This event happened due to the formation of an East Coast Low, which ignited several other low pressure systems.[66]

On 20 April 2015, Sydney recorded 119.4 mm (4.70 in) of rainfall, the most in any day since February 2002. Winds were "cyclonic" in nature, reaching 135 km/h. This east coast low was formed with "a really pronounced upper level trough of cold air that had moved in from Victoria", Mr Sharpe said.[67] The maximum temperature was only 15.4 °C (60 °F), making it the coldest April day since 1983, according to BOM.[68]

Wind

Averaging at 13.8 km/h (8.6 mph), November is the windiest month, whilst March is the calmest at 11.3 km/h (7.0 mph).[5] The prevailing wind is northeasterly. In the warm months, only 40% of the time Sydney would get wind directions from the northwest or southwest, which are the dry winds flown from the heated interior of Australia.[69]

Northeasterlies and easterly seabreezes are dominant in late spring to early autumn. Westerlies are dominant in late winter to mid-spring. Southerly busters are expected from November to the end of February. They typically look like as if a sheet of cloud is rolled up like a scroll by the advancing wind. The change of wind (in the warm months) is sometimes very sudden, where it may be fresh northeasterly and in ten minutes a southerly gale.

When the subtropical ridge is north of Sydney in the second half of the year (spring), the wind would come from the west or inland. As the ridge moves south in late summer and autumn, the winds become easterly and, because they are coming off the Tasman Sea, they are moist. It is usually at this time of the year (autumn to early winter) where rainfall would be the highest.[70][71]

Drought

File:Sydney bushfire.jpg
Smoke from bushfires around Sydney, January 1994

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See also: Federation Drought, 1979–83 Eastern Australian drought, and 2000s Australian drought

Sydney's climate appears to be becoming drier; The city has had fewer rain days in recent years than shown in the long-term climate table above. In summer, Sydney can go for long periods without rainfall. The other phenomenon that arises from these long, dry and hot periods is bushfires, which occur frequently in the areas surrounding the city. Water supply is a recurring concern for the city during drought periods.

In 2005 the reservoirs reached an all-time low. However, water levels since then have recovered in 2013. The years 2009 and 2010 had dry conditions, according to Bureau of Meteorology.[72] On 23 September 2009, a dust storm that started in South Australia and inland New South Wales blanketed the city with reddish orange skies.[73] It stretched as far north as southern Queensland and it was the worst dust storm in 70 years.[74] During that year, Sydney experienced a number of warm winter days, dry gusty winds and another milder dust storm.[75][76]

The Sydney Harbour Bridge shrouded in dust. September 2009

In 2011, Sydney had the driest February in 30 years with only 18 mm (0.71 in) of rain falling, which is well below than the average 118 mm (4.6 in). Some of the western suburbs recorded the lowest total February rainfall on record.[77] In September 2013, the combination of dry weather, warm temperatures and strong winds brought early-season bushfires. Major bushfires impacted western Sydney and the Blue Mountains, resulting in some evacuations, closed roads, and destroyed homes.[41]

The summer of 2013-14 was the driest in 72 years. The precipitation of December 2013 and January 2014, inclusively, only added up to 48.4 mm (1.91 in), which is only a quarter of a typical amount for December and January. Observatory Hill only received 17 mm (0.67 in) of rain in January.[78]

Many areas of the city bordering bushland have experienced bushfires, notably in 1994 and 2001–02 — these tend to occur during the spring and summer. Heatwaves, which are regularly occurring in recent years, would usually lead to water restrictions and a high risk of bushfires, which sometimes bring a smoky haze to the city. Smog is noticeable in hot days, even without bushfires.[79][80][81]

Aboriginal seasons

The Sydney basin was in the Tharawal country. Each clan had knowledge of their area and the season changes. These were the seasons of the Sydney region according to the Aboriginal people living there:[82]

  • January/February/March (Burran) - Hot and dry
  • April/May/June (Marrai'gang) - Wet, becoming cooler
  • June/July (Burrugin) - Cold, frosty, short days
  • August (Wiritjiribin) - Cold and windy
  • September/October (Ngoonungi) - Cool, getting warmer
  • November/December (Parra'dowee) - Warm and wet

See also

References

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  80. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  81. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  82. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

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