Empress Xiaoduanwen

Empress Xiaoduanwen
Empress of the Qing Dynasty
Reign	1636–1643
Predecessor	None
Successor	Borjigit, Demoted Empress
Empress Dowager of the Qing Dynasty
Reign	1643–1649 alongside Empress Xiaozhuangwen
Predecessor	None
Successor	Empress Xiaohuizhang
Born	(1600-05-13)13 May 1600
Died
Spouse	Hong Taiji (m. 1614)
Full name Borjigit Jerjer (博爾濟吉特 哲哲) Posthumous name Empress Xiaoduanzhengjingrenyizheshuncixizhuangminfutianxieshengwen (孝端正敬仁懿哲順慈僖庄敏輔天協聖文皇后)
Father	Manggusi

Empress Xiaoduanwen
Chinese name
Chinese	孝端文皇后
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Xiàoduānwén Huánghòu
Borjigit Jerjer
Traditional Chinese	博爾濟吉特 哲哲
Simplified Chinese	博尔济吉特 哲哲
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Bó'ěrjìjítè Zhézhé
Manchu name
Manchu script	ᡥᡳᠶᠣᠣᡧᡠᠩᡤᠠ ᡩᠣᡵᠣᠩᡤᠣ ᡤᡝᠩᡤᡳᠶᡝᠨ ᡧᡠ ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡥᡝᠣ ᠵᡝᡵᠵᡝᡵ
Romanization	hiyoošungga doronggo genggiyen šu hūwangheo Jerjer

Empress Xiaoduanwen (13 May 1600 – 17 May 1649) of the Mongol Borjigit clan, personal name Jerjer or Jere, was the first Empress Consort of Hong Taiji of the Qing Dynasty. She was the daughter of Manggusi (莽古斯), a beile of the Khorchin Mongols, and Manggusi's primary consort.

Biography

Jerjer married Hong Taiji, ruler of the Later Jin Dynasty, on 28 May 1614 and became his official spouse even though she was not his first wife. She was promoted to the status of Empress in 1636 when the Later Jin Dynasty was renamed to the Qing Dynasty, which replaced the Ming Dynasty in China. Two of Jerjer's nieces, Bumbutai and Harjol, were also married to Hong Taiji as well.

After the death of Hong Taiji in 1643, Jerjer was granted the title of "Mother Empress, Empress Dowager" (母后皇太后) by the Shunzhi Emperor, Hong Taiji's son and successor. Shunzhi's birth mother, Bumbutai (Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang), was elevated to the status of "Holy Mother, Empress Dowager" (聖母皇太后).

Jerjer died in 1649, at the age of 50, and was interred in the Zhaoling Mausoleum in Shenyang. She was posthumously granted the title of Empress Xiaoduanwen. Her posthumous title was subsequently extended to Empress Xiaoduanzhengjingrenyizheshuncixizhuangminfutianxieshengwen (孝端正敬仁懿哲順慈僖庄敏輔天協聖文皇后) during the reigns of the Yongzheng and Qianlong emperors.

Issue

Jerjer had three daughters:

• Makata, Gurun First Princess Wenzhuang (固倫溫莊長公主馬喀塔; 1625–1663), Hong Taiji's second daughter. She married Ejei Khan, son of Ligdan Khan of the Chahar Mongols. After Ejei Khan's death, she married his younger brother, Abunai (阿布奈).

• Gurun First Princess Jingduan (固倫靖端長公主; 1628–1686), personal name unknown, Hong Taiji's third daughter. She married Qitate (奇塔特) of the Khorchin Mongols.

• Gurun First Princess Yong'an (固倫永安長公主; 1634–1692), personal name unknown, Hong Taiji's eighth daughter. She married Bayasihulang (巴雅斯護朗) of the Khorchin Mongols.

See also

• Ranks of Imperial Consorts in China#Qing
• Qing Dynasty nobility

References

• Hummel, Arthur William, ed. Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period (1644–1912). 2 vols. Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1943.
• Daily life in the Forbidden City, Wan Yi, Wang Shuqing, Lu Yanzhen. ISBN 0-670-81164-5.
• Draft history of the Qing dynasty. 《清史稿》卷二百十四．列傳一．后妃傳．太宗孝端文皇后.

Succession

Empress Xiaoduanwen House of Borjigin (Боржигин) (1206–1649)
Preceded by Empress Xiaocigao	Empress of the Qing Dynasty (Empress of the Qing Dynasty but never Empress of China) 1636 – 21 September 1643	Succeeded by Borjigit, Demoted Empress (As Empress of both China and the Qing Dynasty)
Chinese royalty
Preceded by Empress Dowager Xiaochun	Empress Dowager of China 21 September 1643 – 1649	Succeeded by Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang