List of conflicts in the Near East

A geographical map showing territories commonly considered part of the Near East.

The area known as the "Near East" is usually referred to as Middle East in modern contexts. For periods predating Classical Antiquity, the common term is Ancient Near East. The Near East is generally associated with Anatolia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, Persia, Egypt, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Caucasus.

Ancient Near East conflicts

Bronze Age

Ancient Egypt conflicts
- Early Dynastic Period of Egypt
  - c. 3100 BCE Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt
- Second Intermediate Period of Egypt
  - 1600 BCE Hyksos conquest of Egypt
- New Kingdom of Egypt
  - April 16, 1457 BCE Battle of Megiddo - a battle between Ancient Egyptian forces under the pharaoh Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition
Ancient Mesopotamia conflicts
- Early Dynastic Period of Sumer
  - c. 2500 BCE Enmebaragesi of Kish subdued Elam
  - c. 2500 BCE Aga of Kish, the son of Enmebaragesi of Kish, besieged Uruk
  - c. 2500 BCE Enmerkar of Uruk's year-long siege of Aratta
  - c. 2500 BCE Dumuzid of Uruk captured Enmebaragesi of Kish single-handed
  - c. 2500 BCE Enshakushanna of Uruk conquered Hamazi, Akkad, Kish, and Nippur, claiming hegemony over all of Sumer. Enshakushanna was succeeded in Uruk by Lugal-kinishe-dudu, but the hegemony seems to have passed to Eannatum of Lagash for a time
  - c. 2500 BCE Eannatum of Lagash conquered all of Sumer, including Ur, Nippur, Akshak, Larsa, and Uruk (controlled by Enshakushanna)
  - c. 2500 BCE En-anna-tum I of Lagash succeeded his brother Eannatum and defended Lagash against Ur-Lumma of Umma
  - c. 2500 BCE Entemena of Lagash succeeded his father En-anna-tum I and re-established Lagash as a power in Sumer. He defeated Illi of Umma, with the aid of Lugal-kinishe-dudu of Uruk (the successor to Enshakushanna)
  - c. 2500 BCE Lugal-Anne-Mundu of Adab subjected the "Four Quarters" of the world — i.e., the entire Fertile Crescent region, from the Mediterranean to the Zagros Mountains
  - c. 2295 BCE — 2271 BCE (Short chronology) Lugal-zage-si of Umma conquered several of the Sumerian city-states — including Kish, where he overthrew Ur-Zababa; Lagash, where he overthrew Urukagina; Ur, Nippur, and Larsa; as well as Uruk
- Akkadian Empire
  - c. 2270 BCE (Short chronology) Sargon of Akkad established a vast empire which is thought to have included large parts of Mesopotamia, and included parts of modern-day Iran, Asia Minor and Syria
    - Conquest of Elam
    - 2271 BCE Battle of Uruk
    - Syria and Canaan campaigns
    - Akkadian conquest of Ebla
    - Magan revolt
    - Lullubi campaign of Naram-sin
- Gutian period
  - c. 2150 BCE (Short chronology) Gutian attacks on the Akkadian Empire
- Fifth Dynasty of Uruk
  - c. 2055 BCE — 2048 BCE (Short chronology) After defeating the Gutian with the aid of other cities, Utu-hengal of Uruk established himself as the king of Sumer
    - c. 2050 BCE (Short chronology) Defeat of Tirigan, the last Gutian ruler in Sumer
- Third Dynasty of Ur
  - c. 2047 BCE — 2030 BCE (Short chronology) Ur-Nammu of Ur conquered Lagash
  - c. 1940 BCE (Short chronology) Elamite Sack of Ur
- First Babylonian Dynasty
  - c. 1830 BCE — 1817 BCE (Short chronology) The Amorite chieftain Sumu-abum won independence from the city-state Kazallu
  - c. 1752 BCE — 1730 BCE (Short chronology) Damiq-ilishu of Isin, the last king on the Sumerian King List, is defeated by Sin-Muballit of Babylon
  - c. 1728 BCE — 1686 BCE (Short chronology) Hammurabi of Babylon extended Babylon's control over Mesopotamia by winning a series of wars against neighboring kingdoms
- Kassite period
  - c. 1531 BCE (Short chronology) Fall of Babylon
  - c. 1507 BCE (Short chronology) Kassite attacks on Babylon
Ancient Levant conflicts
- c. 2000 BCE Battle of Siddim
- Israelite Campaigns
  - Early Israelite campaigns
    - 1400 BCE Battle of Ai (legendary)
    - Battle of Hazor (legendary)
    - Battle of Jericho (legendary)
    - Lachish
    - Battle of the Waters of Merom (legendary)
Ancient Anatolia conflicts
- c. 2492 BCE Battle between Haik and Nimrod
- 1650 BCE — 1600 BCE Conquests of Hattusili I and Mursili I
- 1430 BCE — 1350 BCE Kaska invasions of Hatti

Early Iron Age

Note: This section is covering Iron Age I and II, Iron Age III is related as Classic Period

Ancient Egypt conflicts
- 1279 BCE — 1213 BCE Ramesses II campaigns in the Near East
  - First Syrian campaign
  - Second Syrian campaign
    - 1274 BCE Battle of Kadesh
  - Third Syrian campaign
- Third Intermediate Period of Egypt
  - 925 BCE Sack of Jerusalem
  - 727 BCE Kushite Invasion to Egypt
  - 609 BCE Battle of Megiddo - a battle between the Kingdom of Egypt and the Kingdom of Judah
Ancient Anatolia conflicts
- 1260 BCE — 1240 BCE Trojan War
Ancient Mesopotamia conflicts
- Kassite period
  - c. 1232 BCE — 1225 BCE (Short chronology) Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria defeated Kashtiliash IV, the Kassite king of Babylon and captured the city of Babylon to ensure full Assyrian supremacy over Mesopotamia
  - c. 1157 BCE — 1155 BCE (Short chronology) Enlil-nadin-ahi, the final king of the Kassite dynasty that had ruled over Babylon, was defeated by Kutir-Nahhunte of Elam, the successor of Shutruk-Nakhunte
- Fourth Babylonian Dynasty
  - c. 1125 BCE — 1104 BCE (Short chronology) Nebuchadnezzar I of Isin's War with Elam
Israelite Campaigns
- Later Israelite Campaigns
  - 1000 BCE Siege of Jebus
Assyrian campaigns
- 853 BCE Battle of Qarqar
- 721 BCE Assyrian conquest of Israel
- Second Assyrian invasion to Southern Levant
  - 701 BCE Siege of Lachish
  - 701 BCE Assyrian Siege of Jerusalem by Sennacherib
- 693 BCE Battle of Diyala River (Pyrrhic Assyrian victory)
- 693 BCE Siege of Babylon
- 626 BCE Revolt of Babylon (Decisive Babylonian victory; eviction of Assyrian troops)
Neo-Babylonian campaigns
- 612 BCE Battle of Nineveh
- 605 BCE Battle of Carchemish - a battle between the Kingdom of Egypt and Assyrian allies against the Neo-Babylonian Empire
- Jewish–Babylonian war
  - 597 BCE Siege of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar II
  - 587 BCE Siege of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar II
Median campaigns
- May 28, 585 BCE Battle of Halys
Achaemenid conquests of Cyrus the Great
- 552 BCE Persian Revolt
- 552 BCE Battle of Hyrba
- 551 BCE Battle of the Persian Border
- 550 BCE Battle of Pasargadae
- 547 BCE Battle of Pteria
- 547 BCE Battle of Thymbra
- 547 BCE Siege of Sardis
- 539 BCE Battle of Opis

Classic antiquity conflicts

Greco-Persian domination

Ionian Revolt 499-493 BCE
First Persian invasion of Greece 492-490 BCE
Egyptian Revolt 486 BCE
Second Persian invasion of Greece 480-478 BCE
Wars of Delian League 477-449 BCE
Wars of the Diadochi 322-275 BCE
Syrian Wars 274-168 BCE
Seleucid–Parthian wars 238-129 BCE
Roman–Syrian War 192-188 BCE
Maccabean Revolt 167-160 BCE

Roman, Parthian and Sassanid domination

Mithridatic Wars 88-63 BCE
- First Mithridatic War 88-84 BCE
- Second Mithridatic War 83-81 BCE
- Third Mithridatic War 75-63 BCE
  - Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)

Roman–Parthian Wars

Aelius Gallus campaign in Arabia 24 BCE
Alexandria pogroms 38 CE

Jewish–Roman wars 66-136 CE

Roman-Sassanid Wars
- Battle of Antioch (218)
- Ardashir's raid of Mesopotamia 230-232 CE
- Ardashir's second raid of Mesopotamia 237-240 CE
- Battle of Resaena 243 CE
- Battle of Misiche 244 CE
- Battle of Barbalissos
- Battle of Edessa 259
- Siege of Singara 344
- Siege of Amida 359
- Battle of Ctesiphon (363)
- Battle of Samarra 363 CE

Uprising of Syrian Legion 232 CE
Palmyrene revolt 272
- Battle of Immae
- Battle of Emesa
Battle of Callinicum 296
Jewish revolt against Gallus 351-352
Isauria rebellion of 404
Byzantine–Sasanian wars 421-628
- Roman–Sasanian War (421–422)
- Anastasian War (502–506)
- Iberian War (526–532)
  - Battle of Callinicum 531
- Roman–Persian War of 572–591
- Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
  - Antioch riots 610
  - Battle of Antioch (613)
  - Jewish revolt against Heraclius 610-28
    - Siege of Jerusalem (614)
  - Shahin's invasion of Asia Minor (615)
  - Sassanid conquest of Egypt 618-621
  - Battle of Issus
  - Byzantine assault on Persia 624-25
  - Siege of Constantinople (626)
  - Third Perso-Turkic War
  - Battle of Nineveh (627)

Samaritan Revolts
- Samaritan revolt against Zeno 484
- Revolt against Anastasius I
- Third Samaritan revolt 529-531
- Fourth Samaritan Revolt 555-572

Mazdak revolt in Persia 524 (or 528)
Nika riots in Constantinople 532

Medieval conflicts

Muslim conquests

Abbasid Chaliphate conflicts
- Abbasid revolt
  - Battle of the Zab 750
- Arab–Byzantine wars 780-1180
  - Battle of Krasos 804/5
  - Battle of Anzen 838
  - Sack of Amorium 838
  - Sack of Damietta (853)
  - Battle of Lalakaon 863
  - John Kourkouas' campaigns
    - First Melitene campaign and conquest of Kalikala 926-930
    - Second Malitene campaign 931-934
  - Sayf al-Dawla campaigns
    - Conquest of Aleppo 944
    - Battle of Marash (953)
    - Battle of Raban 958
    - Battle of Andrasos 960
    - Siege of Aleppo 962
    - Siege of Aleppo 964

- Mudhar-Yamani conflict 793-96

Byzantine-Paulician Wars
- Battle of Bathys Ryax 872 (878?)

Persian Zoroastrian Revolts 8th-9th centuries
- Behavarid revolt in Persia 8th century
- Babak's revolt 816-37
  - Ahmad ibn al Junayd's campaign 823-24
  - Muhammad ibn Humayd Tusi's campaign 827-29
  - Afshin's campaign 835-837/838
- Maziar revolt 839

Byzantine–Seljuq wars 1048-1308
- Battle of Manzikert 1071

Crusades
- People's Crusade 1095-96
- First Crusade 1099
  - Battle of Ascalon 1099
  - Crusade of 1101
  - Battle of Ager Sanguinis 1119
  - Battle of Azaz 1125
- Second Crusade 1145-49
  - Battle of Inab 1149
- Baldwin's campaigns
  - Siege of Ascalon (1153)
  - Crusader invasions of Egypt 1154-69
    - Battle of al-Babein
- Third Crusade 1189-92
  - Siege of Acre (1189–91)
- Livonian Crusade
- German Crusade
- Fourth Crusade
- Children's Crusade
- Fifth Crusade
- Sixth Crusade
- Seventh Crusade
- Shepherds' Crusade
- Eighth Crusade
- Ninth Crusade

Saladin's campaigns
- Egyptian revolt 1169
- Darum Siege 1170
- Yemen conquest 1174
- Battle of Hama 1175
- Capture of Damascus 1174
- Battle of Jacob's Ford 1179
- Fight for Mosul 1182
- Battle of Al-Fule (1183)
- Siege of Kerak 1183
- Battle of Cresson 1187
- Battle of Hattin 1187
- Siege of Jerusalem (1187)

Mongol invasions to Middle East 13th century.
- Battle of Köse Dağ 1243
- Siege of Baghdad (1258)
- Hulagu Khan's conquest of Syria 1260
  - Sack of Sidon 1260
  - Siege of Aleppo (1260)
  - Battle of Ain Jalut 1260
  - First Battle of Homs 1260
- Battle of Albistan 1277
- Second Battle of Homs 1281
- Mongol raids into Bilad al-Sham 1299-1300
  - Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar 1299
Timur Conquests
- Battle of Ankara (Battle of Angora) 1402
Ottoman Interregnum 1402-1411
Sheikh Bedreddin revolt 1416

Byzantine–Ottoman Wars 1265-1453

Ottoman period conflicts 1453-1918

Ottoman expansion

Ottoman era period conflicts 1453-1516

Yazidi uprising against Safavids 1506-1510
Şahkulu Rebellion 1511

Ottoman Empire period conflicts

Ottoman–Persian Wars 16th-19th centuries

Jelali revolts 1519-1659

Conflicts between the Ottomans and the Druze of Mount Lebanon
- Battle of Majdel Anjar 1622
- 1633 conflict
- 1642 conflict
- 1660 conflict
- 1683-1699 conflict
- Battle of Ain Darra 1711

Cretan War (1645–69)
- Atmeydanı Incident
- Çınar Incident 1656

Edirne revolt 1703

1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain
Patrona Halil uprising 1730
Zahir al-Umar Revolt (Galilee) 1742-1743
Ali Bey Al-Kabir Revolt (Egypt) 1769-1772
Bajalan uprising 1775
French campaign in Egypt and Syria 1798-1801

Baban uprising 1806-1808
Ottoman coups of 1807–08
- Kabakçı Mustafa revolt

Ottoman Tanzimat period

First Botan uprising 1843
Bedr Khan Bey uprising 1843
Culemerg uprising 1843
Bedirhan Bey uprising 1847^[1]
Yezdan Sher uprising 1855^[2]

1860 Druze–Maronite conflict
- French expedition in Syria 1860-61
Qatari–Bahraini War 1867-68
Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)
Urabi Revolt (Egypt) 1879-82
Shaykh 'Ubaydullah of Nehri and Shemdinan uprising 1880-1881^[3]
Royal Civil War in Arabia 1887-91
- Battle of Mulayda 1891
1892 Tobacco Rebellion (Iran)
Hamidian massacres 1894-96
- Zeitun Rebellion (1895–96)
Unification of Saudi Arabia
- Saudi–Rashidi War 1903-06
Persian Constitutional Revolution 1908-09
Young Turk Revolution 1908-09
- 31 March Incident 1909
- Countercoup (1909)
Adana massacre 1909
Hauran Druze Rebellion 1909
1913 Ottoman coup d'état

Middle Eastern theatre of World War I 1914-1918

Post-Ottoman era conflicts

References

↑ Ergil, Doğu, PKK: The Kurdistan Workers' Party, in Marianne Heiberg, Brendan O'Leary, John Tirman, eds., Terror, insurgency, and the state: ending protracted conflicts, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007, p.356
↑ Chaliand, Gérard , The Kurdish tragedy, Palgrave Macmillan, 1994, p.25
↑ Vanly, Ismet Chériff, The Kurds in the Soviet Union, in Philip G. Kreyenbroek, Stefan Sperl, eds., The Kurds: a contemporary overview, Routledge, 2000, p.196

v t e List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
1910s	Italo-Turkish War World War I Middle Eastern theatre Arab Revolt Armenian genocide Assyrian genocide Mount Lebanon starvation Unification of Saudi Arabia Simko Shikak revolt Egyptian Revolution of 1919 Turkish War of Independence Greco-Turkish War Turkish–Armenian War Franco-Turkish War Revolts Mahmud Barzanji revolts
1920s	Franco-Syrian War Iraqi revolt of 1920 Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine Adwan Rebellion Arab separatism in Khuzestan Great Syrian Revolt Sheikh Said rebellion
1930s	Ararat rebellion Ahmed Barzani revolt Simele massacre Saudi–Yemeni War (1934) Goharshad Mosque rebellion 1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts 1935 Yazidi revolt Dersim rebellion
1940s	World War II Italian bombing of Palestine Anglo-Iraqi War Syria–Lebanon campaign Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 1943 Barzani revolt Alwaziri coup Al-Wathbah uprising Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran crisis of 1946 Arab–Israeli conflict 1948 Arab–Israeli War Suez Crisis 1967 Six Day War 1973 Yom Kippur War 1982 Lebanon War
1950s	Egyptian revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Jebel Akhdar War Cyprus Emergency Suez Crisis Yemeni–Adenese clan violence 1958 Lebanon crisis 1958 Iraqi revolution 1959 Mosul uprising
1960s	Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict First Iraqi–Kurdish War Dhofar Rebellion North Yemen Civil War Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup Mar. 1963 Syrian coup Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup Aden Emergency 1964 Hama riot Israeli–Palestinian conflict 1947–1949 Palestine war First Intifada Second Intifada 1966 Syrian coup d'état
1970s	Black September in Jordan Yemenite War of 1972 Turkish invasion of Cyprus Shatt al-Arab clashes Lebanese Civil War Political violence in Turkey Islamist uprising in Syria 1977 Shia uprising in Iraq NDF Rebellion Yemenite War of 1979 Iranian Revolution Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 1979 Qatif Uprising Grand Mosque seizure 1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
1980s	Iran–Iraq War 1980 Turkish coup d'état Kurdish separatism in Turkey Turkey–PKK conflict South Yemen Civil War 1986 Egyptian conscripts riot 1986 Damascus bombings Mecca massacre Abu Nidal's executions
1990s	Gulf War (1990–1991) 1991 Iraqi uprisings Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s) Yemeni Civil War (1994) Iraqi Kurdish Civil War Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present) Operation Desert Fox al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq
2000s	Iraq War Balochi insurgency in Iran 2004 Qamishli riots Houthi insurgency in Yemen Iran–Israel proxy conflict 2006 Lebanon War Fatah–Hamas conflict South Yemen insurgency
2010s	2011 Bahraini uprising Egyptian Crisis Sinai insurgency Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present) Syrian civil war Turkish involvement in Syria Syrian War spillover in Lebanon Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) War in Iraq (2013–2017) Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present) Yemeni Crisis Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)
2020s	2021 Beirut clashes
This list includes World War I and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.

List of conflicts in the Near East

Contents

Ancient Near East conflicts

Bronze Age

Early Iron Age

Classic antiquity conflicts

Greco-Persian domination

Roman, Parthian and Sassanid domination

Medieval conflicts

Ottoman period conflicts 1453-1918

Ottoman expansion

Ottoman Empire period conflicts

Ottoman Tanzimat period

Post-Ottoman era conflicts

References

See also

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