List of unconfirmed impact craters on Earth

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This list of more than 100 unconfirmed impact craters on Earth includes theoretical impact sites that have appeared several times in the literature, or may have been endorsed by the Impact Field Studies Group, but not yet confirmed by the Earth Impact Database.

Unconfirmed impact craters

The following are officially considered "unconfirmed". Due to stringent requirements regarding evidence and peer-reviewed publication, newly discovered craters, or those where collecting evidence is difficult, generally are known for some time before becoming listed.

File:Ak-Bura 2.png
Ak-Bura (Murgab)
File:Darwin Crater Landsat.jpg
False-colour Landsat image of Darwin Crater (arrowed)
File:Iturralde Crater PIA03359 cropped.jpg
Topographic image of Iturralde Crater
File:Zerelia West and East.png
Zerelia West and East
File:French Indochina map.jpg
Indochina

Younger than one million years old

The more than 20 unconfirmed craters in the first table are younger than one million years old and at least 100 meters in diameter.

Name Location Diameter (km) Age (thousand years) Coordinates
Curuçá astrobleme Brazil (Amazonas) 1.0 0.08 (c. 1930 AD) Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Lake Cheko Russia (Siberia) 0.5 0.1 (c. 1900 AD) Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Ak-Bura (Murgab)[1][2] Tajikistan 0.8 0.3 (c. 1700 AD)[3] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Mahuika New Zealand (offshore) 20 0.6 (c. 1400 AD) Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Merewether[4] Canada (Newfoundland) 0.2 0.9 (c. 1100 AD) Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Sirente Italy 0.1 1.7 (c. 320 ± 90 AD) Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Kachchh (Luna)[5] India 2.1 4 (c. 2000 BC) Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Umm al Binni Iraq 3.4 5 (c. 3000 BC) Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Burckle Indian Ocean 30 5 (c. 3000 BC) Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Zerelia West[6] Greece 0.2 7 (c. 5000 BC) Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Zerelia East[6] Greece 0.1 7 (c. 5000 BC) Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Smerdyacheye lake[7] Russia 0.2 10-30? Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Hickman Crater Australia 0.3 10-100 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Bloody Creek Canada (Nova Scotia) 0.4 12?[8] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Brushy Creek Feature[9] USA (Louisiana) 2.0 11-30 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Iturralde Bolivia 8.0 11-30 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Mt. Oikeyama[10] Japan 0.9 30? Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Sithylemenkat lake[11] USA (Alaska) 12 30?[12] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
La Dulce crater[13] Argentina 2.8 445? Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Darwin Crater Tasmania 1.2 816 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Pantasma Nicaragua 10 820?[14] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

The Cheko crater is thought by one research group to be the result of the famous Tunguska event, although sediments in the lake have been dated back more than 5000 years. There is highly speculative conjecture about the supposed Sirente impact (c. 320 ± 90 AD) causing the Roman emperor Constantine's vision at Milvian Bridge.[15]

The Burckle crater and Umm al Binni structure are proposed to be behind the floods that affected Sumerian civilization.[16][17] The Kachchh impact may have been witnessed by the Harappan civilization and mentioned as a fireball in Sanskrit texts.[5]

The age of the Bloody Creek crater is disputed, with some evidence suggesting it hit glacier ice 12000 years ago, coeval with the Younger Dryas.[8]

As the trend in the Earth Impact Database for about 25 confirmed craters younger than 1 Ma show that almost all is less than 2 km in diameter (except the 4 km Rio Cuarto and the nearly one million year old 14 km Zhamanshin), the chances that two large craters, Mahuika (20 km) and Burckle (30 km), forming just within the last few millennia has been met with skepticism.[18][19][20]

However, the source of the enormous Australasian strewnfield (c. 790 ka) is suggested to be a crater about 100 km across somewhere in Indochina,[21][22] with Hartung and Koeberl (1994) proposing the elongated 100 km x 35 km Tonlé Sap lake in Cambodia (visible in the map at the side) as a suspect structure.[23]

File:Arlit.png
Arlit crater
The Bangui magnetic anomaly in central Africa
Decorah crater
File:Duolon crater.png
Duolun crater
File:El-Baz.png
El Baz crater
File:Kebira Crater.jpg
Kebira Crater
Panther Mountain
File:Ramgarh Crater.JPG
Ramgarh crater
File:Rubielos de la Cérida impact structure-karte topo.jpg
Rubielos de la Cérida
The Nastapoka (Hudson Bay) arc of Quebec (in red).
Sudan (Mahas) crater
File:Vélingara ring-structur in senegal.png
Vélingara circular structure
File:Weaubleau Structure shaded relief.jpg
The Weaubleau structure
File:DR Congo crater.png
Wembo-Nyama ring structure
Wilkes Land crater in Antarctica

Older than one million years old

The more than 80 suspected craters in the table below are either older than 1 Ma, or have an unknown age. Recent extensive surveys have been done for African[24] and South American[25] craters.

Name Location Diameter (km) Age
(in Ma)		 Coordinates
38th Parallel structures USA (Missouri, etc) 2-17 ?
38th Parallel (Weaubleau) USA (Missouri) 19 330 ± 10 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Alamo bolide impact USA (Nevada) 65?[26] 367 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Aorounga central[27][28] Chad 11.6 <345 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Arganaty[29] Kazakhstan (Almaty region) 300 250[30] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Arlit crater[31][32] Niger 10 ? Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Australian impact structure Australia (Northern Territory) 600 >545 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Azuara Spain 35-40 30-40 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Bangui magnetic anomaly[33][34][24] Central African Republic 810? >542 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Bedout Australia (offshore) 250 250 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Bee Bluff[35] USA (Texas) 2.4 40? Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Belinga structure[36] Gabon 7 ? Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Bohemian circular structure[37][38] Czech Republic 260-300 >700?[26] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Bow City Canada (Alberta) 8.0 70 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Bowers crater[39] Antarctic Ocean (Ross Sea) 100 3-5[40][41] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Catalina structures[42]
(Navy, Catalina, Emery Knoll)		 Pacific Ocean (NE) 12, 32, 37 16-18 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Cerro Jarau[43][44] Brazil (Paraná) 10 117 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Charity Shoal Crater Canada (Ontario) 1.2 <470 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Corossol Canada (Quebec) 4.0 <470 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Decorah crater USA (Iowa) 5.6 470 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Dumas magnetic anomaly[45] Canada (Saskatchewan) 3.2 70 ± 5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Duolun[46] China (Inner Mongolia) 120 ± 50 129 ± 3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
El-Baz[28][47] Egypt 4 ? Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Eltanin impact Pacific Ocean (SE) 35? 2.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Faya Basin[48] Chad 2 400 ± 20 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Fried Egg structure[49] Atlantic Ocean 6.0 17 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Gatun structure Panama 3.0 20 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
General San Martin[50][13] Argentina 11 1.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Gnargoo[51] Australia (Western Australia) 75 <300 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Guarda Portugal 30 200 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Hartney anomaly[52][45] Canada (Manitoba) 8 120 ± 20 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Hotchkiss[53] Canada (Alberta) 4 220 ± 100 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Ishim impact structure[54] Kazakhstan (Akmola region) 300 430-460[55] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Jackpine Creek
magnetic anomaly[56]		 Canada (British Columbia) 25 120 ± 20 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Jeptha Knob USA (Kentucky) 4.3 425 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Kebira Egypt 31 100 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Krk[57] Croatia 12 40 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Kurai Basin[58] Russia (Altai) 20 <200 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Lake Tai China (Jiangsu) 65 365 ± 5[59] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Loch Leven[60] Scotland 18x8 290 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Magyarmecske anomaly[61] Hungary 7 299 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Malvinas anomaly[62][63] Atlantic Ocean
(near Falkland Islands)		 250-300 250[26] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Maniitsoq crater Greenland 100 3000 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Middle-Urals Ring structure[64][65] Russia 500 ± 50 >542 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Mount Ashmore dome[66][67] Indian Ocean (in Timor Sea) >50 35
Nastapoka (Hudson Bay) arc Canada (Quebec) 450 1800?[26] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Panther Mountain USA (New York) 10 375 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Piratininga[43] Brazil (Paraná) 12 117 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Praia Grande[43][44] Brazil (São Paulo, offshore) 20 84 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Ramgarh India (Rajasthan) 3.0 ? Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Ross crater[40] Antarctic Ocean (Ross Sea) 600? <38 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Rubielos de la Cérida Spain 80x40 30-40 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Sakhalinka[68] Pacific Ocean (NW) 12 70 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Sao Miguel Do Tapuio[69][44] Brazil (Piauí) 22 120[26] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Saqqar[70] Saudi Arabia 34 70-410 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Shanghewan[71][72] China (Jilin) 30 ? Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Shiva crater Indian Ocean 500 65 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Shiyli dome[73] Kazakhstan 5.5 46 ± 7 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Silverpit Atlantic Ocean (North Sea) 8.0 60 ± 15 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Snows Island (Johnsonville) USA (South Carolina) 11 300?[26] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Sudan (Mahas) Sudan 2.8 ? Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Sudan (Nakasib)[74] Sudan 3 ? Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Sudan (Bayuda)[75] Sudan 10 ? Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Sudan (Red Sea hills)[76] Sudan 6 ? Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Takamatsu[77] Japan 4-8 15 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Tatarsky North[78] Pacific Ocean (NW) 14 ? Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Tatarsky South[78] Pacific Ocean (NW) 20 ? Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Talundilly[79] Australia (Queensland) 84 128 ± 5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Temimichat Mauritania 0.7 2?[26] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Tsenkher[80] Mongolia 3.6 5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Toms Canyon USA (New Jersey) 22 35 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Ust-Kara[81] Russia (Nenetsia, offshore) 25 70 ± 2.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Vélingara[82] Senegal 48 23-40 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Vichada Structure Colombia 50 30?[26] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Victoria Island structure USA (California) 5.5 37-49 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Wembo-Nyama (Omeonga)
ring structure[83][84]		 DR Congo 36-46 60? Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Warburton East[85][86] Australia (South Australia) 200 300-360[87] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Warburton West[86] Australia (South Australia) 200 300-360[87]
Wilkes Land crater Antarctica 480 250-500 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Yallalie[88][89] Australia (Western Australia) 12 99?[26] Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

The Decorah crater has been conjectured as being part of the Ordovician meteor event.[90]

Several twin impacts have been proposed such as the Rubielos de la Cérida and Azuara (30-40 Ma),[91] Cerro Jarau and Piratininga (c. 117 Ma),[43] and Warburton East and West (300-360 Ma).[86] However, adjacent craters may not necessarily have formed at the same time such as case of the confirmed Clearwater East and West lakes.

Some confirmed impacts like Sudbury or Chicxulub are also sources of magnetic anomalies[92] and/or gravity anomalies. The magnetic anomalies Bangui and Jackpine Creek,[56] and the gravity anomalies Wilkes Land crater and Malvinas Islands,[62] and others have been considered as being of impact origin.

Several anomalies in Williston Basin were identified by Swatzky in the 1970s as astroblemes including Viewfield, Red Wing Creek, Eagle Butte, Dumas, and Hartney, of which only the last two are unconfirmed.[45]

The Eltanin impact has been confirmed (via an iridium anomaly and meteoritic material from ocean cores) but, as it fell into the Pacific Ocean, apparently no crater was formed. The age of Silverpit and the confirmed Boltysh crater (65.17 ± 0.64 Ma), as well as their latitude, has led to the speculative hypothesis that there may have been several impacts during the KT boundary.[93][94]

Of the five oceans in descending order by area, namely the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Antarctic, and Arctic, only the smallest (the Arctic) does not yet have a proposed unconfirmed impact crater.

Craters larger than 100 km in the Phanerozoic (after 541 Ma) are notable for their size as well as for the possible coeval events associated with them especially the major extinction events.

For example, the Ishim impact structure[54] is conjectured to be bounded by the late Ordivician-early Silurian (c. 445 ± 5 Ma),[55] the East Warburton Basin has been linked to the Late Devonian extinction (c. 360 Ma),[87] both Bedout and the Wilkes Land crater have been associated with the severe Permian–Triassic extinction event (c. 252 Ma),[95][96] Manicouagan (c. 215 Ma) was once thought to be connected to the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event (c. 201 Ma)[97] but more recent dating has made it unlikely, while the consensus is the Chicxulub impact caused the one for Cretaceous–Paleogene (c. 66 Ma).

However, other extinction theories employ coeval periods of massive volcanism such as the Siberian Traps.

Undiscovered but inferred

File:Australasian strewnfield.jpg
Australasian strewnfield. Shaded areas represent tektite finds.

There is geological evidence for impact events having taken place on Earth on certain specific occasions, which should have formed craters, but for which no impact craters have been found. In some cases this is because of erosion and Earth's crust having been recycled through plate tectonics, in others likely because exploration of the Earth's surface is incomplete. Typically the ages are already known and the diameters can be estimated.

Parent Crater of Expected Crater Diameter (km) Age
Australasian tektites 32-114 km[22] 0.8 Ma
Barberton Greenstone Belt microtektites[98] 500 km[98] 3.24 Ga
Marble Bar impact spherules[99] "hundreds of kilometers"[99] 3.46 Ga

Formerly unconfirmed

File:Luizi crater.jpg
Luizi crater
File:Suvasvesi (kraatterit).png
Suvasvesi north and south

By the end of 2010, the Earth Impact Database had 178 confirmed impact craters. As of April 2015, it had risen to the present 188 structures. The following had their status upgraded from unconfirmed to confirmed in the last few years.

Year confirmed Name Location Diameter Age Coordinates
2011 Carancas Peru 13.5 meters 9 years Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
2011 Luizi DR Congo 17 km 570 Ma (approx.) Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
2011 Matt Wilson crater Australia 7.5 km 1400 ± 400 Ma Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
2011 Ritland Norway 2.7 km 520 ± 20 Ma Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
2013 Colônia Brazil 3.6 km 5-36 Ma Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
2013 Tunnunik Canada 25 km 130-450 Ma Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
2014 Malingen Sweden 1 km 458 Ma (approx.) Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
2015 Santa Marta Brazil 10 km 66-100 Ma Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
2015 Suvasvesi South Finland 3.8 km 250 Ma (approx.) Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
2015 Hummeln Sweden 1.2 km 443-470 Ma Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Malingen crater is thought to be a double impact with Lockne crater.[100] The pair, plus Hummeln and several other Ordovician craters in a small region in Europe, have been speculated to be connected to the Ordovician meteor event.[101]

Mistaken identity

Some geological processes can result in circular or near-circular features that may be mistaken for impact craters. Some examples are calderas, maars, sinkholes, glacial cirques, igneous intrusions, ring dikes, salt domes, geologic domes, ventifacts, tuff rings, and others. Conversely, an impact crater may originally be thought as one of these geological features, like Meteor crater (as a maar) or Upheaval Dome (as a salt dome). The presence of shock metamorphism and shatter cones are important criteria in favor of an impact interpretation, though massive landslides (such as the Köfels landslide of 7800 BC) may produce fused rocks called "frictionite".[102]

See also

References

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External links

  1. ↑ Meteorite crater site of Ak-Bura
  2. ↑ Bacharev, A (1952), The Murgab meteorite crater. Astron. Tsirk., No 122, p.8-10
  3. ↑ Murgab, Expert Database on Earth Impact Structures (EDEIS), Accessed May 2016
  4. ↑ J. B. Garvin and J. J. Frawley (2008).Geometric Properties Of The Merewether Structure, Newfoundland, Canada.Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIX (2008)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 R. V. Karanth, P. Thakker, and M. Gadhavi 2006. A preliminary report on the possible impact crater of Kachchh, Current Science, vol. 91, no. 7, October 2006
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ L. L. Kashkarov, D. D. Badjukov, A. I. Ivliev, G. V. Kalinina, and M. A. Nazarov, Vernadsky (2005). The Smerdyacheye Lake: New Evidence For Impact Origin And Formation Age, Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI (2005)
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Stevens, G, I Spooner, J Morrow, P Pufahl, R Raeside, RAF Grieve, CR Stanley, SM Barr, and D McMullin (2008) Physical evidence of a late-glacial (Younger Dryas?) impact event in southwestern Nova Scotia. Atlantic Geology. 44:42.
  9. ↑ Heinrich, P.V. (2003) Possible Meteorite Impact Crater in St. Helena Parish, Louisiana. Search and Discovery Article. no. 50006. American Association of Petroleum Geologist, Tulsa, Oklahoma. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
  10. ↑ SAKAMOTO, M., GUCSIK, A., NISHIDO, H., NINAGAWA, K., OKUMURA, T. and TOYODA, S. (2010). MicroRaman spectroscopy of anomalous planar microstructures in quartz from Mt. Oikeyama: Discovery of a probable impact crater in Japan. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 45: 32–42. doi: 10.1111/j.1945-5100.2009.01003.x
  11. ↑ Cannon, P.J. (1977) Meteorite impact crater discovered in central alaska with landsat imagery, Science, 1977 Jun 17;196(4296):1322-4.
  12. ↑ Ned Rozell (2008) The mystery of mammoth tusks with iron fillings
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Harris, R. S.; Schultz, P. H.; Zárate, M. A. (2007) La Dulce Crater: Evidence For A 2.8 Km Impact Structure In The Eastern Pampas Of Argentina, 38th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference
  14. ↑ H. Povenmire, R.S. Harris, and J.H. Cornec (2011), The New Central American Tektite Strewn Field, 42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2011)
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Master, S. (2002) Umm al Binni lake, a possible Holocene impact structure in the marshes of southern Iraq. In: Leroy, S. and Stewart, I.S. (Eds.), Environmental Catastrophes and Recovery in the Holocene, Abstracts Volume, Department of Geography, Brunel University, Uxbridge, West London, UK, 29 August - 2 September 2002, pp. 56–57
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Bourgeois, J., and R. Weiss (2009) 'Chevrons' are not mega-tsunami deposits; a sedimentologic assessment. Geology. 37(5):403-406.
  20. ↑ Pinter, N., and S.E. Ishman, S.E. (2008). Impacts, mega-tsunami, and other extraordinary claims. GSA Today. 18(1):37.
  21. ↑ Povenmire H., Liu W. and Xianlin I. (1999) "Australasian tektites found in Guangxi Province, China", 30th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, March 1999.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Glass B.P. and Pizzuto J.E. (1994) "Geographic variation in Australasian microtektite concentrations: Implications concerning the location and size of the source crater," J of Geophysical Research, vol 99, no E9, 19075-19081, Sept 1994.
  23. ↑ Hartung J. and Koberl C. (1994) "In search of the Australasian tektite source crater: the Tonle sap hypothesis", Meteoritics.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 W. Reimold & C. Koeberl (2014). Impact structures in Africa: A review, Journal of African Earth Sciences, Volume 93, May 2014, Pages 57–175.
  25. ↑ R. Acevedo, M. C. Rocca, J. Ponce, S. Stinco (2015). Impact Craters in South America, Springer, Apr 25, 2015.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6 26.7 26.8 Expert Database on Earth Impact Structures (EDEIS), Accessed May 2016
  27. ↑ Ocampo, A. & Pope, K. (1996). Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-C) Images Reveal Multiple Impact Craters at Aorounga, Northern Chad, Lunar and Planetary Science, volume 27, page 977.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 S. Master & W. Reimold (2000). The impact cratering record of Africa: An updated inventory of proven, probable, possible, and discredited impact structures on the African continent, Catastrophic Events Conference 2000.
  29. ↑ Zeilik, B. (1987). The Arganaty cosmogenic crater in southern Kazakhstan and the ring structures associated with it. Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Doklady, vol. 297, no. 4, 1987, p. 925-928.
  30. ↑ M. Barash (2012).Mass Extinction of Ocean Organisms at the Paleozoic–Mesozoic Boundary: Effects and Causes. Oceanology, 2012, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 238–248.
  31. ↑ David Rajmon (2010). Impact Field Studies Group
  32. ↑ Marc Fokker (2008). Astroforum Netherlands
  33. ↑ Girdler, R.; Taylor, P.; Frawley, J. (1992).A possible impact origin for the Bangui magnetic anomaly (Central Africa). Tectonophysics, Volume 212, Issue 1, p. 45-58
  34. ↑ L. Antoine, W. Reimold, and A. Tessema (1999) The Bangui Magnetic Anomaly Revisited 62nd Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting
  35. ↑ R. A. Graham (2005) Reinvestigation of the Bee Bluff Structure South of Uvalde, Texas, 'The Uvalde Crater'. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI (2005)
  36. ↑ W.U. Reimold, N. Ayres, C. Hatton, R. Thomas, L. Chevallier, S. Master, and L. Antoine (2001). A Possible Impact Structure In The Belinga Greenstone Belt Of Northeast Gabon, Lunar and Planetary Science XXXII
  37. ↑ M. Papagiannis (1989). Photographs from geostationary satellites indicate the possible existence of a huge 300 KM impact crater in the Bohemian region of Czechoslovakia, Meteoritics, Vol. 24, p.313.
  38. ↑ P. Rajlich (1992). Bohemian Circular Structure, Czechoslovakia: Search for the Impact Evidence, International Conference on Large Meteorite Impacts and Planetary Evolution. Held 1992, in Sudbury, Canada
  39. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ Mark R. Legg, Craig Nicholson, Chris Goldfinger, Randall Milstein, and Marc Kamerling (2004). Large enigmatic crater structures offshore southern California, Geophys. J. Int. (2004) 159, 803–815
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 A. Crósta, R. Romano (2004). Brazilian Impact Craters: A Review, 35th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2004)
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 A. Crósta, M. Vasconcelos (2013). Update On The Current Knowledge Of The Brazilian Impact Craters, 44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2013)
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 Gubins, A. & Strangway, D. (1978). Magnetic Fields Associated with a Probable Late Cretaceous Astrobleme at Dumas, Saskatchewan, LUNAR AND PLANETARY SCIENCE IX, PP. 433-435
  46. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  47. ↑ El-Baz, F. (1981). Science, 213, 439-440.
  48. ↑ M. Schmieder and E. Buchner (2010). The Faya Basin (Chad) revisited – structural insights from central peak morphology and potential Martian analogs, Nördlingen Ries Crater Workshop (2010).
  49. ↑ Amos, J (2009) 'Fried Egg' may be impact crater BBC News.
  50. ↑ R. D. Acevedo, M. Rocca, J. Rabassa and J. F. Ponce (2011) Meteorite Impact Craters In South America: A Brief Review. 74th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting (2011)
  51. ↑ R. Iaskty and A. Glikson (2005). "Gnargoo: a possible 75 km-diameter post-Early Permian – pre-Cretaceous buried impact structure, Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia", Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol 52, 2005
  52. ↑ C. Anderson (1980). A Seismic Reflection Study of a Probable Astrobleme near Hartney, Manitoba
  53. ↑ M. Mazur and R. Stewart (1998). Interpreting the Hotchkiss structure: A possible meteorite impact feature in northwestern Alberta, Consortium for Research in Elastic Wave Exploration Seismology (CREWES).
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Zeylik B. S.; Seytmuratova E. Yu, 1974: A meteorite-impact structure in central Kazakhstan and its magmatic-ore controlling role. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR: 1, Pages 167-170
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 S. Goussev, R. Charters, J. Peirce and W. Glenn (2002).Jackpine Creek Magnetic Anomaly: A Case of the HRAM Prospect Scale Interpretation. CSEG: The Canadian Society of Exploration Geophysicists
  57. ↑ T. Marjanac, A. Tomša, Lj. Marjanac, M. Calogovic & S. Fazinic (2015). Krk impact structure ejecta breccia and melt rocks on the islands of Krk and Rab, Croatian Adriatic: A clue on the impact target lithology, Bridging the Gap III (2015)
  58. ↑ S. A. Vishnevsky (2007). The Kurai Basin, Altai mountains (Russia): First evidences of impact origin, Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVIII (2007)
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  60. ↑ B. J. Hamill (2003). The Loch Leven Crater: Anatomy Of A Low-Angle Oblique Impact Structure, Large Meteorite Impacts (2003)
  61. ↑ Tamas Bodoky et al (2007). Is the Magyarmecske telluric conductivity anomaly a buried impact structure?
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 M. Rocca and J. Presser (2015) A possible new very large impact structure in Malvinas Islands, Historia Natural, Tercera Series, Volumen 5(2), 2015.
  63. ↑ M. Rocca, R. Acevedo, J. Ponce, S. Stinco (2015). Impact Craters in South America, p. 23
  64. ↑ G. Burba (1991). Middle-Urals Ring structure, USSSR: Definition, description, possible planetary analogues, Lunar and Planetary Science conference XXII.
  65. ↑ G. Burba (2003). The geologic evolution of the Ural Mountains: A supposed exposure to a giant impact. Microsymposium 38, MS011, 2003
  66. ↑ A. Gliksona, D. Jablonski, & S. Westlake (2010). Origin of the Mt Ashmore structural dome, west Bonaparte Basin, Timor Sea. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, Volume 57, Issue 4
  67. ↑ Examining a new asteroid crater found in the Timor Sea. ScienceWise 2010, Australian National Uni
  68. ↑ B. Levin, E. Gretskaya, G. Nemchenko (2006). A new astrobleme in the Pacific Ocean, Doklady Earth Sciences, 2006, Vol. 411, No. 8, pp.1336-1338.
  69. ↑ W. D. MacDonald, A. P. Crosta, J. Francolin (2006) Structural Dome At Sao Miguel Do Tapuio, Piaui, Brazil, 69th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting (2006)
  70. ↑ Kenkmann, T., Afifi, A. M., Stewart, S. A., Poelchau, M. H., Cook, D. J. and Neville, A. S. (2015), Saqqar: A 34 km diameter impact structure in Saudi Arabia. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 50: 1925–1940.
  71. ↑ Dietz, R. & McHone, J. (1991). Astroblemes Recently Confirmed with Shatter Cones, Abstracts for the 54th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society. Held July 21-26, 1991.
  72. ↑ Wu Siben (1988). The Shanghewan Impact Crater, China, Abstracts of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, volume 19, page 1296, (1988)
  73. ↑ S. A. Vishnevsky (2007)Shiyli Dome, Kazakhstan: Origin Of Central Uplift By Elastic Response, Workshop on Impact Cratering II
  74. ↑ A. Sparavigna (2010) Craters and ring complexes of the North-East Sudanese country
  75. ↑ A. Sparavigna (2010) Crater-Like Landform in Bayuda Desert (A Processing of Satellite Images)
  76. ↑ G. Di Achille (2005). A New Candidate Impact Site In Northeastern Sudan Detected From Remote Sensing, Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI
  77. ↑ Y. Miura (2007) Analyses Of Surface And Underground Data Of Takamatsu Crater In Japan. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVIII (2007)
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 B. W. Levin, S. A. Vishnevsky, and N. A. Palchik (2010). Underwater depressions on the bottom of the Tatarsky Strait, the Sea of Japan (western coast of the Sakhalin Island, Russia): possible marine impact craters, 41st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2010)
  79. ↑ K. Bron (2015) The Tookoonooka-Talundilly tsunami sequence: constraining marine impact stratigraphy, Australian School of Petroleum, The University of Adelaide
  80. ↑ G. Komatsu et al (2015)The Tsenkher structure, Gobi-Altai, Mongolia: A probable impact crater with well-preserved rampart ejecta. 46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2015)
  81. ↑ C. Koeberl (1990). The Kara/Ust-Kara twin impact structure. Geological Society of America, special paper.
  82. ↑ S. Wade, M. Barbieri, J. Lichtenegger (2001) The Velingara Circular Structure Esa Bulletin June 2001
  83. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  84. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  85. ↑ UQ Researcher Discovers Giant Asteroid Impact
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 86.2 World's largest asteroid impact zone found in Australia: Meteorite broke in two, leaving two craters each 200 km across. Mar 24, 2015
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 87.2 Stephen Luntz (2013). Huge Asteroid Impact Identified. Australasian Science
  88. ↑ Dentith, M., Bevan, A., Backhouse, J., Featherstone, W., and Koeberl, C. (1999). Yallalie: a Buried Structure of Possible Impact Origin in the Perth Basin, Western Australia. Geological Magazine 136 (6): pp. 619-632.
  89. ↑ Grant, B. The Yallalie Impact Structure.
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  91. ↑ Ernstson, K., Claudin, F., Schüssler, U. & Hradil, K. (2002): The mid-Tertiary Azuara and Rubielos de la Cérida paired impact structures (Spain) - Treb. Mus. Geol. Barcelona, 11, 5 - 65.
  92. ↑ Magnetic anomaly map, Sudbury, Ontario and Quebec. Natural Resources Canada
  93. ↑ Double space strike 'caused dinosaur extinction' http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11112417
  94. ↑ Jolley D., Gilmour I., Gurov E., Kelley S., Watson J. (2010) Two large meteorite impacts at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary Geology September 2010, v. 38, pp. 835–838, doi:10.1130/G31034.1
  95. ↑ Becker L., Shukolyukov A., Macassic C., Lugmair G. & Poreda R. 2006. Extraterrestrial Chromium at the Graphite Peak P/Tr boundary and in the Bedout Impact Melt Breccia. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVII (2006), abstract # 2321.PDF
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  97. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  98. ↑ 98.0 98.1 “Scientists reconstruct ancient impact that dwarfs dinosaur-extinction blast”, American Geophysical Union, April 9, 2014
  99. ↑ 99.0 99.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  100. ↑ Raul Rincon (2014). BBC News: "Ancient Earth hammered by double space impact", 18 March 2014
  101. ↑ L. Ferrière, C. Alwmark, S. Holm-Alwmark, J. Ormö, H. Leroux, and E. Sturkell (2015). The Hummeln Structure (Sweden) – Impact Origin Confirmed And Its Link To The L-Chondrite Parent Body Break-Up Event, 46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.
  102. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  103. ↑ Mika McKinnon (2015). This Is Not A Crater, So What Is It? at space.gizmodo.com
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