M2 Medium Tank

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Medium Tank M2
Aberdean proving grounds 014.JPG
The M2A1 Medium[1] at Aberdeen Proving Grounds in 2008
Type Medium tank
Place of origin United States
Production history
Manufacturer Rock Island Arsenal
Number built 18 M2s, 94 M2A1s
Variants M2, M2A1
Specifications
Weight 41,000 lb (18.7 metric tons)
Length 5.38 m (17.7 ft)
Width 2.59 m (8 ft 6 in)
Height 2.82 m (9 ft 3 in)
Crew 6 (Commander, driver, (4x) gunners)
Armor M2 6.4–32 mm (0.25–1.26 in);        
M2A1 6.4–51 mm (0.25–2.01 in)
Main
armament
 1× 37 mm Gun M3
200 rounds
Secondary
armament
 7× (maximum 9) .30-06 Browning M1919 machine guns
12,250 rounds
Engine Wright R975 EC2 air-cooled radial gasoline
400/340 hp (298/253 kW)
Suspension Vertical Volute Spring Suspension (VVSS)
Fuel capacity 473 liters (125 U.S. gal)
Operational
range
 210 km (130 mi)
Speed 42 km/h (26 mph)

The Medium Tank M2 was a United States Army tank that was first produced in 1939 by the Rock Island Arsenal, just prior to the commencement of the war in Europe.[2] Production was 18 M2 tanks, and 94 slightly improved M2A1 tanks, for a total figure of 112. Events in Western Europe rapidly demonstrated that the M2 was obsolete, and it was never used overseas in combat; it was, however, used for training purposes throughout the war.

The M2's unique features included an unusually large number of machine guns, bullet deflector plates, and sloped armor on the hull front (glacis plate). The main armament was a 37 mm (1.5 in) gun, with 32 mm (1.3 in) armor; the M2A1 had a 51 mm (2.0 in) gun mantlet. The features of the M2 series development, both good and bad, provided many lessons for U.S. tank designers that were later applied with great success in the M3 Lee, M4 Sherman and many other armored fighting vehicles.[citation needed]

Design

Rock Island Arsenal started work on a new medium tank, based on the design of the M2 Light Tank. Initially designated the T5, the redesigned model (with a 350 hp R-975 radial engine) was re-designated as the M2 Medium Tank in June, 1939.[3] After the first 18 units had been produced at Rock Island Arsenal and evaluated by the army, the upgraded M2A1 specification was approved with a redesigned turret and a more powerful engine.[4]

The medium tank M2 was a larger development of the M2 Light Tank. Many components were common or used a similar design, including the vertical volute spring suspension which would be used in later tanks as well. Twin-wheeled bogies were mounted externally, and rubber-bushed and rubber-shod track proved durable on roads. The initial M2 model was powered by an air-cooled Wright R-975 radial engine, originally designed for aircraft. For the M2A1, this engine was supercharged to provide an extra 50 hp (37 kW) for a total of 400 horsepower (300 kW), and designated as the R-975 C1 radial engine.[5][6]

The M2 had a high superstructure, with a sponson-mounted machine gun in each corner. In addition, two more machine guns were fixed in the glacis plate and fired by the driver. Surmounting the superstructure was a small revolving turret armed with a 37 mm Gun M3 and a coaxial machine gun. The 37 mm gun could penetrate 46 mm of face-hardened armor sloped 30° at a range of 500 yards (457 meters), and 40 mm at 1,000 yards (914 meters).[7] This armament configuration was a hybrid between the sponson-mounted weapons of the Mark VIII Liberty tank of World War I vintage, and the combination of turreted cannon, coaxial machine gun and glacis-mounted machine gun that was almost universal in World War II medium tanks.[5] (Two additional .30-caliber machine guns could be mounted on pintles on either side of the turret for anti-aircraft use, bringing the total to nine—surely a record for any tank brought into service by any army.) The crew consisted of the tank commander, a driver and four gunners. The vehicle provided internal stowage for 200 rounds of 37 mm ammunition and up to 12,250 rounds of .30-caliber.[6]

Bullet deflector plates were installed over the rear fenders. The idea behind these plates was that the tank could drive over a trench, and the rear sponson machine guns could then fire onto the plates; the bullets would deflect into the trench or the area directly behind the tank.[8] Like the sponson machine guns themselves, the deflector plates turned out to be useless[9] in modern warfare, since shooting at enemy troops in open trenches as a tank passed directly over proved to be a fairly unusual occurrence and a distinctly secondary manifestation of tank capabilities, with most engagements occurring at longer ranges.[original research?]

Production

Chrysler was appointed to manage a new tank plant, the Detroit Arsenal Tank Plant, to manufacture the M2, and the US Government contracted on 15 August 1940 for 1,000 vehicles to be produced at a rate of 100 a month and to be delivered by August 1942 at a fixed price of $33,500 per tank.[3][10] Events in Europe made it obvious that the M2 was obsolete, and the government modified the contract two weeks later, before production began. Instead of M2 medium tanks, the plant would now build 1,000 M3 Grant tanks once they had been designed. In the interim production of the M2 was given to the Rock Island Arsenal, where 94 M2A1s were built up to August 1941.[5][11] The M2A1 had slightly better armor and a slightly larger turret than the original M2, since it had the turret from the M3 Light Tank, with gun mantlet armor 2 inches (51 mm) thick.[5]

Service

The M2 was already obsolete when it entered service. It compared poorly with contemporary European tanks, such as the French S-35 and German Panzer III which could withstand 37 mm (1.5 in) anti-tank guns.[12] The Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value). main armament of the M2 was equivalent to the 37 mm (1.5 in) the Panzer III[citation needed] , 47 mm (1.9 in) S-35 had more powerful guns.[12] By 1941, Germany had upgunned the Panzer III with a 50 mm (2.0 in) L/42 gun, and the Soviets had fielded the vastly superior T-34, with a 76 mm (3.0 in) gun and a sloped 52 mm (2.0 in) glacis plate.[12] Given this, the M2 was essentially a stopgap measure until more capable tanks like the M3 Lee and M4 Sherman came along in 1942-43. Although 18 M2s and 94 M2A1s were produced, the Ordnance office recommended in January 1942 that they should only be used for training purposes, and they were never sent overseas to combat areas.[5] The U.S. Army fielded the M2 and M2A1 with the 67th Infantry Regiment (Medium Tanks) and, subsequently, the 1st Armored Division's 69th Armored Regiment during intensive training maneuvers in the United States in 1941, and the M2 design continued to prove useful in a basic training role for tank crewmen.[13] The trained crewmen from the 69th Armored were scattered to provide cadres to several new armored divisions and independent M4 tank battalions, as U.S. armored forces were rapidly expanded in 1942-44.

An M2A1 Medium Tank on display at Aberdeen Proving Grounds.

[1]

For combat the M2 was generally a poor design, with thin armor, inadequate main armament and a high profile. The four sponson-mounted machine guns proved to be completely unnecessary and ineffective. But the design provided a few important lessons that were used for the later M3 and M4 medium tanks. In particular, the M2's sloped frontal hull (glacis plate) was extremely advanced for a 1939 design — the one bright spot in an otherwise dismal design — and a sloped glacis plate with substantially heavier armor would become a permanent feature of U.S. tank design. The next medium tank would have to match the German Panzer IV's 75 mm (3.0 in) turret gun. Since no suitable turret had been designed in the US, the Lee was designed first to mount a 75 mm (3.0 in) gun in the right sponson, which had been tested on an M2; the experimental vehicle was designated T5E2. The Lee's gun was mounted in a conventional turret on a modified M3, to produce the first Sherman eight months after the first Lee.[14]

File:M2A1.jpg
An M2 Medium Tank.

[1]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Crismon, Fred “U.S. Military Tracked Vehicles.” Motorbooks International Publishers & Wholesalers, 1992. ISBN 0-87938-672-X.
  2. ↑ Zaloga p. 19
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Historical dictionary of the U.S. Army. Brown, Jerold E. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001. ISBN 978-0-313-29322-1
  4. ↑ M3 Medium Tank Vs Panzer III: Kasserine Pass 1943. Rottman, Gordon L. Osprey Publishing, 2008. ISBN 978-1-84603-261-5
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Zaloga, Steven J. and Hugh Johnson. M3 Lee/Grant Medium Tank 1941-45. Osprey Publishing, 2005. ISBN 978-1-84176-889-2 p6
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 The illustrated directory of tanks of the world. Miller, David. Zenith Imprint, 2000. ISBN 978-0-7603-0892-9
  7. ↑ Hunnicutt, R. P. (1992), Stuart: A History of the American Light Tank, Presidio Press, p. 496. ISBN 0-89141-462-2.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Stout, Wesley W.,Tanks are Mighty Fine Things. Chrysler Corporation, 1946, pp6-19.
  11. ↑ Chamberlain & Ellis (1969) p106
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Zaloga (2008) p. 10
  13. ↑ Organization and Markings of United States Armored Units 1918-1941, Atglen, 2004, p. 98 and 181
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Leland Ness (2002), Jane's World War II Tanks and Fighting Vehicles: A Complete Guide, Harper Collins, ISBN 0-00-711228-9
  • Stout, Wesley W. Tanks are Mighty Fine Things 1946; Chrysler Corporation.
  • Zaloga, Steven. Armored Thunderbolt, The US Army Sherman in World War II. 2008; Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-0424-3.
  • Lemons, Charles. Organization and Markings of United States Armored Units 1918-1941.2004; Schiffer. ISBN 0-7643-2098-X.

External links

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