Nguyễn Phú Trọng

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In this Vietnamese name, the family name is Nguyễn. In accordance with Vietnamese custom, this person should be referred to by the given name, Trọng.

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Nguyễn Phú Trọng
File:Nguyen Phu Trong HN2023.jpg
Trọng in 2023
General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam
In office
19 January 2011 – 19 July 2024
Preceded by Nông Đức Mạnh
Succeeded by Vacant
Secretary of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party
In office
19 January 2011 – 19 July 2024
Deputy Phùng Quang Thanh
Ngô Xuân Lịch
Phan Văn Giang
Preceded by Nông Đức Mạnh
10th President of Vietnam
In office
23 October 2018 – 5 April 2021
Prime Minister Nguyễn Xuân Phúc
Vice President Đặng Thị Ngọc Thịnh
Preceded by Trần Đại Quang
Đặng Thị Ngọc Thịnh (acting)
Succeeded by Nguyễn Xuân Phúc
Chairman of the National Assembly of Vietnam
In office
26 June 2006 – 23 July 2011
Preceded by Nguyễn Văn An
Succeeded by Nguyễn Sinh Hùng
Secretary of the Hanoi Party Committee
In office
January 2000 – 26 June 2006
Preceded by Lê Xuân Tùng
Succeeded by Phạm Quang Nghị
Personal details
Born (1944-04-14)14 April 1944
Đông Anh, Hanoi, Tonkin, Japanese-occupied French Indochina
Died Script error: The function "death_date_and_age" does not exist.
Hoàn Kiếm, Hanoi, Vietnam
Political party Communist Party of Vietnam
Spouse(s) Ngô Thị Mận
Children 2
Alma mater University of Hanoi
National Academy of Public Administration
Russian Academy of Sciences
Occupation
  • Politician
  • professor
Signature Nguyễn Phú Trọng's signature

Nguyễn Phú Trọng (Vietnamese: [ŋwiən˦ˀ˥ fu˧˦ t͡ɕawŋ͡m˧˨ʔ] ( listen); 14 April 1944 – 19 July 2024) was a Vietnamese politician and communist theorist who served as general secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam from 2011 until his death in 2024. As the head of the party's Secretariat, Politburo and Central Military Commission, Trọng was Vietnam's paramount leader.[1] He also previously served as president of Vietnam from 2018 to 2021.[2]

Trọng joined the Communist Party of Vietnam in 1968, and rose through the section devoted to political work. He later joined the party's Central Committee in 1994, its Politburo in 1997 and Vietnam's National Assembly in 2002. Between 2000 and 2006, he was the Party Secretary for Hanoi, effectively the city's highest-ranking position. He served as Chairman of the National Assembly from 2006 to 2011.[2]

He rose to the general secretaryship at the party's 11th National Congress in 2011 and was re-elected at the 12th National Congress in 2016. He became state president in 2018 following the death of President Trần Đại Quang, becoming the third person to simultaneously head the party and state after Hồ Chí Minh and Trường Chinh. At the 13th National Congress in 2021, he was re-elected as general secretary, becoming the third leader of Vietnam to secure a third term (after Hồ Chí Minh and Lê Duẩn), and was succeeded by Nguyễn Xuân Phúc as president.[2]

During his tenure, Trọng pursued a wide anti-corruption campaign, implicating numerous senior officials to a degree unprecedented in Vietnamese political history. His foreign policy, known as "bamboo diplomacy", sought to balance Vietnam's relations with both the United States and China. Trọng is considered one of the most influential Vietnamese leaders since Hồ Chí Minh.[3]

Early life and career

Trọng in 2006

Nguyễn Phú Trọng was born in Đông Hội Commune, Đông Anh district of Hanoi in 1944. His official biography gives his family background only as "average peasant".[4] He studied philology and earned his Bachelor degree in philology at Vietnam National University, Hanoi from 1963 to 1967. Trong joined the Communist Party of Vietnam on December 19, 1967.[5]

He worked for the Tạp chí Cộng Sản (Communist Review), the theoretical and political agency of the Communist Party of Vietnam (formerly the Labor Party) in the periods of 1968–1973, 1976–1981 and 1983–1996. From 1973 to 1976, he underwent a political-economic post-graduate course at the High-level Nguyễn Ái Quốc Party School (now the Hồ Chí Minh National Academy of Politics and Public Administration). From 1991 to 1996, he served as the editor-in-chief of the Tạp chí Cộng Sản. Trong went to the Soviet Union in 1981 to study at the Academy of Sciences and received a Candidate of Sciences degree in history in 1983.[6] From 1998 to 2001, he was the Vice Chairman of the Central Theoretical Council of the Communist Party of Vietnam, then becoming the chairman of the Theoretical Council until 2006.[7] Trong was a member of the party's Central Committee from January 1994, the party's Politburo from December 1997 and deputy to the National Assembly from May 2002. From January 2000 to June 2006, Trong was secretary of the party's Executive Committee of Hanoi, the de facto head of the city authority. On 26 June 2006, Trong was elected as the Chairman of the National Assembly.[8] During this period, he was elected secretary of the party organization in the National Assembly and member of the Council for Defence and Security. On 23 October 2018, Trong was elected as the 10th President of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in a seasonal meeting of National Assembly.[9]

File:Vietnam Communist Party leaders arrives at Joint Base Andrews, to meet President Obama 150706-F-WU507-253.jpg
General Secretary Trong arrives at Joint Base Andrews to meet President Barack Obama, 6 July 2015
File:Secretary Pompeo Joins President Trump in Meetings with Vietnamese President Nguyễn Phú Trọng (32283463547).jpg
President Donald Trump and President Trong in front of a statue of Vietnamese revolutionary leader Ho Chi Minh, 27 February 2019

General Secretaryship

First term (2011–2016)

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Further information: 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam and 13th National Assembly of Vietnam

Trong was elected General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam in 2011 at the 11th National Congress, making him the top leader of Vietnam.[10][11][12][13] The 5th plenum of the 11th Central Committee decided to take the Central Steering Committee for Anti-Corruption away from the Prime Minister's control and Trong was elected its head.[14][15]

Domestic policy

In 2012, he urged the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) to adopt Resolution No. 12, which called for party building and self-criticism amongst party officials, calling them to lead by example and be held accountable for corruption and waste.[16] Afterwards, the Central Steering Committee on Anti-corruption was directly placed under the administration of the Politburo. He further passed the Decision 244 of the CPV, establishing a formalized process of political succession and restricting the ability of CPV delegates to select new Central Committee members by requiring the outgoing Central Committee to approve the candidates. It also prohibited Politburo members from nominating Central Committee candidates without support from the Politburo.[16]

Foreign policy

China

On 11 October 2011, he made his first visit to China as General Secretary. According to the Vietnamese state news media, Hu Jintao and Trong both agreed to avoid escalating the situation in the South China Sea and to handle disagreements through peaceful negotiations. In December 2011, then-Vice President of China Xi Jinping visited Vietnam to "concretize" the results of the October discussions between Trọng and Hu. In 2015, Trọng paid a state visit to China, where he met President Xi Jinping.[17]

United States

File:Barack Obama and Nguyen Phu Trong at the White House 2015.jpg
President of the United States Barack Obama talks to Trọng in 2015

On 6 July 2015, General Secretary Trong arrived in the United States to begin his United States visit to 10 July 2015. This visit coincided with the milestone of twenty years since the United States and Vietnam normalized diplomatic relations. The talks with President Barack Obama were about human rights, security and defense and the Trans-Pacific Partnership.[18][19] Trọng was the first Vietnamese party chief to make a state visit to the United States. He also met Vice President Biden and former President Clinton.[20] At a talk at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, he spoke frankly about democracy in Vietnam with American scholars.[21]

India

On 20 November 2013, Trọng paid an official visit to India. This State-level visit to India also aims to contribute to strengthening Vietnam-India relations, bringing the strategic partnership between the two countries to a new level, more substantive and more effective.[22]

File:The General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, Mr. Nguyen Phu Trong laid wreath at the Samadhi of Mahatma Gandhi, at Rajghat, in Delhi on November 20, 2013.jpg
Trọng laid wreath at the Samadhi of Mahatma Gandhi during his visit to India in 2013
Russia

During Trọng's first term, Vietnam and Russia upgraded their relationship to a comprehensive strategic partnership in 2012.[23] Following Russia's annexation of Crimea, Vietnam abstained from voting to declare the annexation through a referendum invalid at the United Nations.[24]

Second term (2016–2021)

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Further information: 12th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam and 14th National Assembly of Vietnam

On 27 January 2016, Trong was re-elected as General Secretary by the 1st Plenary Session of the 12th Central Committee.[25][26]

In his second term, Trọng launched a large anti-corruption campaign, with the Politburo taking disciplinary actions against 110 senior Party members between 2017 and 2020, including three Politburo members, one former Politburo member, 10 Central Committee members and 17 former Central Committee members. Some of the disciplinary actions included criminal charges.[16]

File:Nguyen Phu Trong & Vladimir Putin.jpg
Trọng with Russian President Vladimir Putin in Sochi, Russia, 6 September 2018

Anti-corruption campaign

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Main article: Corruption in Vietnam § Government anti-corruption efforts

After being reelected as General Secretary in 2016, Trọng launched a large-scale campaign against corruption. The campaign has resulted in thousands of high-ranking officials being disciplined, imprisoned, and forced to resign from positions in the government, including the president Nguyễn Xuân Phúc, who resigned after several of his subordinates were involved in corruption scandals.[27] He compared this campaign to "burning a furnace" ("đốt lò"), hence the name Dot lo campaign. The campaign is considered by observers to be an effort by the Party to regain power and prestige as well as strengthen people's trust in the government and the Party's leadership.[28] Especially during his third term, Trọng's government handled many notable corruption cases, such as Việt Á scandal and the 304 trillion dong Van Thinh Phat Holdings Group case.[29][30]

Trọng visited China in January 2017, where Beijing and Hanoi signed 15 cooperation documents in various fields and issued a 10-point joint communiqué to deepen Sino-Vietnamese relations.[31] According to state media, the two leaders pledged to continue the "friendly neighbourliness, comprehensive cooperation, long-term stability, towards the future" between China and Vietnam.[32]

Presidency (2018–2021)

Trọng met Donald Trump in February 2019 during the 2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit. On 3 October 2018, following the death of President Trần Đại Quang, the Central Committee of the CPV formally nominated Trong for the presidency, which was voted on at a subsequent session of the National Assembly, where the party holds an overwhelming majority.[33][34] This made Trọng the third person to simultaneously head the party and state after Hồ Chí Minh (in North Vietnam only) and Trường Chinh. The National Assembly elected Trong as the 10th president on 23 October 2018 with 99.79% percent of the vote in a meeting of the sixth session of the National Assembly. His swearing-in ceremony took place at the Grand Hall and was broadcast live on the afternoon on state radio and television systems.[35]

File:President Trump's Trip to Vietnam (47228716211).jpg
Trọng met with President Donald Trump in Hanoi, 2019

In 2019, Vietnam was chosen to host the 2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit. [36] Trọng met two leaders as a neutral host state leader.[37][38]

On 14 April 2019, it was reported that Trong had been rushed to the Chợ Rẫy Hospital in Ho Chi Minh City after visiting Kiên Giang, according to overseas news sources.[39] He was rumoured to have suffered a stroke.[40] The Vietnamese government initially had no comment on the subject matter, but later confirmed from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Vietnam that he was "unwell, but will soon return to work".[41] He reappeared on 14 May 2019 to discuss about the upcoming Party Congress.[42]

Third term (2021–2024)

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Further information: 13th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam and 15th National Assembly of Vietnam
File:Xi jinping and Nguyễn Phú Trọng.jpg
Trong with Chinese leader Xi Jinping in 2022
File:Joe Biden Nguyen Phu Trong 2023.jpg
Trong with US President Joe Biden in 2023

On 31 January 2021, Trong was re-elected as General Secretary for a third term by the 1st Plenary Session of the 13th Central Committee, making him the first leader since Lê Duẩn (1969–1986) to serve more than two terms.[26][43] On 1 February 2021, Trong attended a press conference. Trong said:

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I am not in great health [...] I am old and I want to rest, but the Congress has elected me so I will comply with my duty to serve as a party member.[44]

Trọng was the first person to be elected as CPV general secretary for a third term since 1986.[45]

The National Assembly on 2 April 2021 voted to relieve Trong's presidency with 91.25% of the vote. Trong remained de facto top leader in the country, serving as the General Secretary of the Communist Party.[46] He was succeeded by Nguyễn Xuân Phúc.[47]

In 2022, between 30 October and 2 November, Trọng visited China and met Chinese Communist Party (CCP) general secretary Xi Jinping, becoming the first foreign leader to meet Xi after he secured a third term in the 20th CCP National Congress.[48] Both leaders released a joint statement, calling for cooperation in economic, political, defense and security areas and working together in "the fight against terrorism, 'peaceful evolution', 'colour revolution' and the politicisation of human rights issues".[48] Xi paid a reciprocal visit a year later in December 2023 to Hanoi.[49][50] During Xi's 2023 visit, the two leaders agreed to build "a community of shared future for humankind", just months after Hanoi upgraded its formal relations with the United States.[51]

In January 2023, Phúc resigned from the presidency due to corruption scandals, leading Trọng's ally Võ Văn Thưởng to succeed him in March.[52] When the Russo-Ukrainian War broke out, Vietnam maintained a neutral stance. Vietnam has abstained from voting at most United Nations voting sessions.[53][54] From 21 to 23 May 2023, the deputy chairman of Russia's Security Council, and former president and prime minister, Dmitry Medvedev, visited Vietnam and met with Trọng. They discussed the strengthening of ties between Russia and Vietnam and the current international situation.[55] During a visit to Vietnam on 10 September 2023, U.S. president Joe Biden visited with Trong, with the Vietnamese government upgrading the relationship between the countries to that of a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership, the highest awarded by Vietnam.[56][57]

On 19 June 2024, Russian President Vladimir Putin visited Vietnam and met with Trong.[58] Putin thanked Vietnam for its "balanced position" on Russia's invasion of Ukraine.[59]

File:Vladimir Putin and Nguyen Phu Trong (2024-06-20) 02.jpg
Trọng with Russian president Vladimir Putin in Hanoi, June 2024

Political positions

File:José Manuel Barroso meeting with Nguyễn Phú Trọng (2013).jpg
Trọng with the President of the European Commission José Manuel Barroso in 2013

Ideologically, Trọng was considered to be coming from the more conservative Marxist–Leninist faction within the CPV.[60] He long railed against some party members' loss of "Marxist–Leninist virtue".[61] Trọng stated that "a country without discipline would be chaotic and unstable [...]. We need to balance democracy and law and order"[62] He criticized liberal democracy in a book in 2022, writing that "behind the multiparty system in reality is still the tyranny of capitalist corporations" and "the reality is that the democratic institutions according to the 'liberal democracy' formula that the West tries to promote and impose on the world do not ensure that power truly belongs to the people, by the people and for the people".[63]

Personal life

Trong was married to Ngô Thị Mận.[64] He had one daughter and one son,[65][66] both of whom work as Government employees.[67]

Death

File:Vladimir Putin and Nguyen Phu Trong (2024-06-20) 04.jpg
Trọng's last publicized image during Putin's state visit to Vietnam, one month before his death.

Trọng died at 13:38 (UTC+07:00) on 19 July 2024 in Central Military Hospital 108 in Hanoi, at the age of 80. State media, citing information from the Professional Council for Health Protection of Central Officials (Hội đồng chuyên môn bảo vệ sức khỏe cán bộ Trung ương), said he died "after a period of illness".[68][69][70] His death was announced to the public at around 18:00 (UTC+07:00).[71][72][2]

Messages of condolences were sent from the leaders of Laos, Cambodia, China, Russia, Belarus, Cuba, Thailand, India, North Korea, South Korea, the United States, Japan and Australia.[73][74][75] Additionally, the United States ambassador to Vietnam also released a statement of condolences.[76] The Cuban government declared a period of state mourning.[77]

Honours

State honours

Vietnam

  • Gold Star Order (18 July 2024)[78]
  • 50-year Party membership badge (2018)[79]
  • Resistance War Medal First Class[80]
  • 55-year Party membership badge (2023)[81]

Foreign

Other honours

Published works

Books

  • Nguyen Phu Trong (2004). Viet Nam on The Path of Renewal (Việt Nam Trong Tiến Trình Đổi Mới). Hanoi: Thế giới Publishers. 351 p.[86]
  • Nguyen Phu Trong (2015). Renewal in Việt Nam: Theory and Reality (Đổi Mới ở Việt Nam: Lý thuyết và thực tiễn). Hanoi: Thế giới Publishers. 397 p.[87]
  • Nguyen Phu Trong; Tran Dinh Nghiem; Vu Hien (1995). Vietnam from 1986 (Việt Nam từ năm 1986). Hanoi: Thế giới Publishers. 116 p.[88]
  • Nguyen Phu Trong (2019) Determined to prevent and fight corruption (Quyết tâm ngăn chặn và đẩy lùi tham nhũng), Hanoi: Truth National Political Publisher, 380 p.[89]
  • Nguyen Phu Trong (2021) Bringing the country into a new phase in a united and confident manner (Đoàn kết, vững tin đưa đất nước bước vào giai đoạn mới), Hanoi: Truth National Political Publisher, 752 p.[90]
  • Nguyen Phu Trong (2021) The whole Party and people join hands and unite to build our country more and more prosperous and happy (Toàn Đảng, toàn dân chung sức, đồng lòng xây dựng đất nước ta ngày càng phồn vinh, hạnh phúc). Hanoi: Truth National Political Publisher (2021), 608 p.[91]
  • Nguyen Phu Trong (2023) Resolutely and persistently fight against corruption and negativity, contributing to building an increasingly clean and strong Party and State (Kiên quyết, kiên trì đấu tranh phòng, chống tham nhũng, tiêu cực, góp phần xây dựng Đảng và Nhà nước ta ngày càng trong sạch, vững mạnh. Hanoi: Truth National Political Publisher, 600 p.[92]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Vietnam Communist Party boss Nguyen Phu Trong re-elected". BBC News. 27 January 2016.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  10. ↑ Vietnam: Foreign Policy and Government Guide International Business Publications, USA. – 2007– Page 8 "General Secretary Nông Ðức Mạnh – President Nguyễn Minh Triết – Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng – National Assembly Chairman Nguyễn Phú Trọng"
  11. ↑ "Nguyen Phu Trong elected Party Chief", Vietnam News Agency, 19 January 2011.
  12. ↑ "Nguyen Phu Trong elected Party General Secretary Archived 2019-04-04 at the Wayback Machine", Nhan Dan, 19 January 2011.
  13. ↑ "Party Congress announces CPVCC Politburo members", VGP News, 19 January 2011
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "In lang". "Tổng Bí thư sẽ làm Trưởng Ban Chỉ đạo phòng, chống tham nhũng Archived 2012-09-12 at the Wayback Machine", Pháp luật & Xã hội, 16 May 2012.
  15. ↑ "Party Central Committee's conference concludes", VOV Online, 15 May 2012.
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  33. ↑ Trung ương giới thiệu Tổng bí thư để bầu làm Chủ tịch nước, translation: Central Committee introduce the General secretary to become new President
  34. ↑ Vietnam nominates party chief as new president, Reuters, 3 October 2018
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  77. ↑ https://vietnamnews.vn/politics-laws/1659619/cuba-announces-state-mourning-in-commemoration-of-viet-nam-s-leader.html
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External links

Party political offices
Preceded by General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam
2011–2024		 Incumbent
Secretary of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam
2011–2024
Political offices
Preceded by Chairman of the National Assembly of Vietnam
2006–2011		 Succeeded by
Nguyễn Sinh Hùng
Preceded by President of Vietnam
2018–2021		 Succeeded by
Nguyễn Xuân Phúc

Template:Chairpersons of the National Assembly of Vietnam

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