Orders of magnitude (force)
From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
The following list shows different orders of magnitude of force.
Since weight under gravity is a force, several of these examples refer to the weight of various objects. Unless otherwise stated, these are weights under average Earth gravity at sea level.
Below 1 N
| Factor (N) | Value | Item |
|---|---|---|
| 10−47 |
3.6×10−47 N | Gravitational attraction of the proton and the electron in hydrogen atom[1] |
| 10−30 |
8.9×10−30 N | Weight of an electron[1] |
| 10−26 |
1.6×10−26 N | Weight of a hydrogen atom[1] |
| 10−24 yoctonewton (yN) |
5 yN | Force necessary to synchronize the motion of a single trapped ion with an external signal measured in a 2010 experiment[2][3] |
| 10−22 | 170 yN | Force measured in a 2010 experiment by perturbing 60 beryllium-9 ions[4][5] |
| 10−15 femtonewton (fN) |
||
| 10−14 | ~10 fN | Brownian motion force on an E. coli bacterium averaged over 1 second[6] |
| ~10 fN | Weight of an E. coli bacterium[7][8] | |
| 10−13 | ~100 fN | Force to stretch double-stranded DNA to 50% relative extension[6] |
| 10−12 piconewton (pN) |
~4 pN | Force to break a hydrogen bond[6] |
| ~5 pN | Maximum force of a molecular motor[6] | |
| 10−11 | ||
| 10−10 | ~160 pN | Force to break a typical noncovalent bond[6] |
| 10−9 nanonewton (nN) |
~1.6 nN | Force to break a typical covalent bond[6] |
| 10−8 |
8.2×10−8 N | Force on an electron in a hydrogen atom[1] |
| 10−7 |
2×10−7 N | Force between two 1 meter long conductors, 1 meter apart by the definition of one ampere |
| 10−6 micronewton (μN) |
1–150 μN | Output of FEEP ion thrusters used in NASA's Laser Interferometer Space Antenna [9] |
| 10−4 | ||
| 10−3 millinewton (mN) |
||
| 10−2 | 19-92 mN | Thrust of the NSTAR ion engine tested on NASA's space probe Deep Space 1[10] |
| 10−1 |
1 N and above
| Magnitude | Value | Item |
|---|---|---|
| newton (N) | 1 N | The weight of an average apple[11][12] |
| 10 N | 9.8 N | One kilogram-force, nominal weight of a 1 kg object at sea level on Earth[13] |
| 102 N | 720 N | Average force of human bite, measured at molars[14] |
| 103 N kilonewton (kN) |
8 kN | The maximum force achieved by weight lifters during a 'clean and jerk' lift[15] |
| 9 kN | The bite force of one adult American alligator[16] | |
| 104 N | 16.5 kN | The bite force of a 5.2m Saltwater Crocodile[17] |
| 18 kN | The estimated bite force of a 6.1m adult great white shark[18] | |
| 25.5 to 34.5 kN | The estimated bite force of a large 6.7m adult Saltwater Crocodile[19] | |
| 45 kN | The force applied by the engine of a small car during peak acceleration[citation needed] | |
| 105 N | 100 kN | The average force applied by seatbelt and airbag to a restrained passenger in a car which hits a stationary barrier at 100 km/h[20] |
| 890 kN | Maximum pulling force (tractive effort) of a single large diesel-electric locomotive[1] | |
| 106 N meganewton (MN) |
1.8 MN | Thrust of Space Shuttle Main Engine at lift-off[21][22][23] |
| 1.9 MN | Weight of the largest Blue Whale[1] | |
| 107 N | 35 MN | Thrust of Saturn V rocket at lift-off[24] |
| 108 N | 570 MN | Simplistic estimate of force of sunlight on Earth[25] |
| 109 N giganewton (GN) |
||
| 1020 N | 2.0×1020 N | Gravitational attraction between Earth and Moon[26] |
| 1022 N | 3.5×1022 N | Gravitational attraction between Earth and Sun[27] |
| 1044 N | 1.2×1044 N | The Planck force[28][29][30][31] |
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Hugh D. Young, University Physics 4th Ed, 1992, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co, Inc.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Calculated: weight = mass * g = 1e-15 kg * 9.81 m/s^2 = 1e-14 N
- ↑ http://www.lisa-science.org/list/list_meetings/potsdam_2006/lpf-presentation.pdf
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ http://www.teachersource.com/Workshops/SuperWowNeatScienceforEveryonewithRonPerkins/NewtonsApple.aspx
- ↑ Lafferty, Peter & Julian Rowe. The Dictionary of Science. New York: Helicon, 1993: 404.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Houston T E, Bite Force and Bite Pressure: Comparisons of Humans and Dogs, 2003 [1]
- ↑ The Human Machine By R. McNeill Alexander, Mark Iley, Sally Alexander
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. 9452 N
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lawrence Weinstein and John A. Adams, Guesstimation, 2008, Section 6.3.1
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Calculated: 418000 lbf * 4.45 N/lbf * (104% launch power level / 109%) = 1.77e6 N.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 1.63 x 10−14 x gravitational attraction between Earth and Sun, assuming total absorption of sunlight Sunlight Exerts Pressure, NASA Glenn LTP Math & Science Resources
- ↑ http://www.ridgecrest.ca.us/~do_while/sage/v5i5d.htm
- ↑ http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/961029b.html
- ↑ Calculated: Planck length * Planck mass / (Planck time)^2 = 1.616e-35 m * 2.177e-8 kg / (5.391e-44)^2 = 1.21e44 N.
- ↑ CODATA — Planck length
- ↑ CODATA — Planck mass
- ↑ CODATA — Planck time
