Tyramine

From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
(Redirected from Para-Tyramine)
Jump to: navigation, search
Tyramine
Tyramine.svg
Tyramine 3D ball.png
Names
IUPAC name
4-(2-aminoethyl)phenol
Identifiers
51-67-2 YesY
ChEBI CHEBI:15760 N
ChEMBL ChEMBL11608 YesY
ChemSpider 5408 YesY
2150
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
KEGG C00483 YesY
MeSH Tyramine
PubChem 5610
UNII X8ZC7V0OX3 YesY
  • InChI=1S/C8H11NO/c9-6-5-7-1-3-8(10)4-2-7/h1-4,10H,5-6,9H2 YesY
    Key: DZGWFCGJZKJUFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N YesY
  • InChI=1/C8H11NO/c9-6-5-7-1-3-8(10)4-2-7/h1-4,10H,5-6,9H2
    Key: DZGWFCGJZKJUFP-UHFFFAOYAB
  • Oc1ccc(cc1)CCN
Properties
C8H11NO
Molar mass 137.179 g/mol[1]
Appearance colorless solid
Density 1.20 g/cm 3[2]
Melting point 164 to 165 °C (327 to 329 °F; 437 to 438 K)[3]
Boiling point 205 to 207 °C (401 to 405 °F; 478 to 480 K) at 25 mmHg; 166 °C at 2 mmHg[3]
1 g in 95 mL at 15 °C[3]
Acidity (pKa) 9.74 (OH); 10.52 (NH3+) [4]
Vapor pressure {{{value}}}
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YesYN ?)
Infobox references

Tyramine (4-hydroxyphenethylamine; para-tyramine, mydrial or uteramin) is a naturally occurring monoamine compound and trace amine derived from the amino acid tyrosine.[1] Tyramine acts as a catecholamine releasing agent. Notably, it is unable to cross the blood-brain barrier, resulting in only non-psychoactive peripheral sympathomimetic effects. A hypertensive crisis can result, however, from ingestion of tyramine-rich foods in conjunction with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).

Occurrence

Tyramine occurs widely in plants[5] and animals, and is metabolized by the enzyme monoamine oxidase. In foods, it often is produced by the decarboxylation of tyrosine during fermentation or decay. Foods containing considerable amounts of tyramine include meats that are potentially spoiled or pickled, aged, smoked, fermented, or marinated (some fish, poultry, and beef); most pork (except cured ham). Other foods containing considerable amounts of tyramine are chocolate; alcoholic beverages; and fermented foods, such as most cheeses (except ricotta, cottage, cream and Neufchâtel cheeses), sour cream, yogurt, shrimp paste, soy sauce, soybean condiments, teriyaki sauce, tempeh, miso soup, sauerkraut, kimchi, broad (fava) beans, green bean pods, Italian flat (Romano) beans, snow peas, edamame, avocados, bananas, pineapple, eggplants, figs, red plums, raspberries, peanuts, Brazil nuts, coconuts, processed meat, yeast, an array of cacti and the holiday plant mistletoe.

Physical effects and pharmacology

Evidence for the presence of tyramine in the human brain has been confirmed by postmortem analysis.[6] Additionally, the possibility that tyramine acts directly as a neurotransmitter was revealed by the discovery of a G protein-coupled receptor with high affinity for tyramine, called TAAR1.[7][8] The TAAR1 receptor is found in the brain, as well as peripheral tissues, including the kidneys.[9]

Tyramine is physiologically metabolized by MAOA. In humans, if monoamine metabolism is compromised by the use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and foods high in tyramine are ingested, a hypertensive crisis can result, as tyramine also can displace stored monoamines, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, from pre-synaptic vesicles.

The first signs of this were discovered by a neurologist who noticed his wife, who at the time was on MAOI medication, had severe headaches when eating cheese.[10] For this reason, the crisis is still called the "cheese effect" or "cheese crisis", though other foods can cause the same problem.[11]:30–31

Most processed cheeses do not contain enough tyramine to cause hypertensive effects, although some aged cheeses (such as Stilton) do.[12][13]

A large dietary intake of tyramine (or a dietary intake of tyramine while taking MAO inhibitors) can cause the tyramine pressor response, which is defined as an increase in systolic blood pressure of 30 mmHg or more. The displacement of norepinephrine (noradrenaline) from neuronal storage vesicles by acute tyramine ingestion is thought to cause the vasoconstriction and increased heart rate and blood pressure of the pressor response. In severe cases, adrenergic crisis can occur.[medical citation needed]

If one has had repeated exposure to tyramine, however, there is a decreased pressor response; tyramine is degraded to octopamine, which is subsequently packaged in synaptic vesicles with norepinephrine (noradrenaline).[citation needed] Therefore, after repeated tyramine exposure, these vesicles contain an increased amount of octopamine and a relatively reduced amount of norepinephrine. When these vesicles are secreted upon tyramine ingestion, there is a decreased pressor response, as less norepinephrine is secreted into the synapse, and octopamine does not activate alpha or beta adrenergic receptors.[medical citation needed]

When using a MAO inhibitor (MAOI), the intake of approximately 10 to 25 mg of tyramine is required for a severe reaction compared to 6 to 10 mg for a mild reaction.[medical citation needed]

Research reveals a possible link between migraine and elevated levels of tyramine. A 2007 review published in Neurological Sciences[14] presented data showing migraine and cluster headaches are characterised by an increase of circulating neurotransmitters and neuromodulators (including tyramine, octopamine and synephrine) in the hypothalamus, amygdala and dopaminergic system.

Biosynthesis

Biochemically, tyramine is produced by the decarboxylation of tyrosine via the action of the enzyme tyrosine decarboxylase.[15] Tyramine can, in turn, be converted to methylated alkaloid derivatives N-methyltyramine, N,N-dimethyltyramine (hordenine), and N,N,N-trimethyltyramine (candicine).

  • Tyramine

  • N-Methyltyramine

  • N,N-Dimethyltyramine (hordenine)

  • N,N,N-Trimethyltyramine (candicine)

In humans, tyramine is produced from tyrosine, as shown in the following diagram.

Human biosynthesis pathway for trace amines and catecholamines[16][17]
The image above contains clickable links
In humans, catecholamines and phenethylaminergic trace amines are derived from the amino acid phenylalanine.

Chemistry

In the laboratory, tyramine can be synthesized in various ways, in particular by the decarboxylation of tyrosine.[18][19][20]

Tyramine synthesis.png

Legal status

United States

Tyramine is not scheduled at the federal level in the United States and is therefore legal to buy, sell, or possess.[21]

Status in Florida

Tyramine is a Schedule I controlled substance, categorized as a hallucinogen, making it illegal to buy, sell, or possess in the state of Florida without a license at any purity level or any form whatever. The language in the Florida statute says tyramine is illegal in "any material, compound, mixture, or preparation that contains any quantity of [tyramine] or that contains any of [its] salts, isomers, including optical, positional, or geometric isomers, and salts of isomers, if the existence of such salts, isomers, and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation".[22] This ban is likely the product of lawmakers overly eager to ban substituted phenethylamines, which tyramine is, in the mistaken belief that ring-substituted phenethylamines are hallucinogenic drugs like the 2C series of psychedelic substituted phenethylamines. The further banning of tyramine's optical isomers, positional isomers, or geometric isomers, and salts of isomers where they exist, means that meta-tyramine and phenylethanolamine, a substance found in every living human body, and other common, non-hallucinogenic substances are also illegal in to buy, sell or possess in Florida.[citation needed]

See also

References

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

Cite error: Invalid <references> tag; parameter "group" is allowed only.

Use <references />, or <references group="..." />
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 PubChem
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 The Merck Index, 10th Ed. (1983), p.1405, Rahway: Merck & Co.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ T. A. Smith (1977) Phytochem. 16 9-18.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Sathyanarayana Rao TS and Vikram K. Yeragani VK (2009) Hypertensive crisis and cheese Indian J Psychiatry. 51(1): 65–66.
  11. ↑ E. Siobhan Mitchell Antidepressants, chapter in Drugs, the Straight Facts, edited by David J. Triggle. 2004, Chelsea House Publishers
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Tyramine-restricted Diet 1998, W.B. Saunders Company.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Tyrosine metabolism - Reference pathway, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG)
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ §1308.11 Schedule I
  22. ↑ Florida Statutes - Chapter 893 - DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION AND CONTROL
Retrieved from "https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Tyramine&oldid=1008298"