Portal:Muhammad
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Muhammad ibn ‘Abdullāh ; also spelled Mohammed or Muhammed) (ca. 570 Mecca – June 8, 632 Medina), is the central human figure of the religion of Islam and is regarded by Muslims as a messenger and prophet of God (Arabic: الله Allāh), the last and the greatest law-bearer in a series of prophets of Islam. Muslims consider him the restorer of the uncorrupted original monotheistic faith (islām) of Adam, Abraham, Moses, Noah, Jesus and other prophets of Islam. He was also active as a diplomat, merchant, philosopher, orator, legislator, reformer, military general, and, according to Muslim belief, an agent of divine action. Born in 570 CE in the Arabian city of Mecca, he was orphaned at a young age and brought up under the care of his uncle. He later worked mostly as a merchant, as well as a shepherd, and was first married by age 25. Discontented with life in Mecca, he retreated to a cave in the surrounding mountains for meditation and reflection. According to Islamic beliefs it was here, at age 40, in the month of Ramadan, where he received his first revelation from God. Three years after this event Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "surrender" to Him (lit. islām) is the only way (dīn) acceptable to God, and that he himself was a prophet and messenger of God, in the same vein as other Islamic prophets.Template:/box-footer
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| Timeline of Muhammad in Mecca | |
|---|---|
| Important dates and locations in the life of Muhammad | |
| c. 569 | Death of his father, Abdullah |
| c. 570 | Possible date of birth: April 19 570 dC, 12 Rabi al Awal: in Mecca Arabia |
| 576 | Death of his mother, Aminah |
| c. 583 | his grand father transfers him to Syria |
| c. 595 | Meets and marries Khadijah |
| 597 | Birth of Zainab, his first daughter, followed by: Ruqayyah, Umm Khultoom, and Fatima Zahra |
| 610 | Qur'anic revelation begins in the Cave of Hira on the Jabaal an Nur the " Mountain of Light" near Mecca |
| 610 | Prophethood begins at 40 years old: Angel Jebreel (Gabriel) said to appear to him on the mountain and call him: The Prophet of Allah |
| 610 | Begins in secret to gather followers in Mecca |
| c. 613 | Begins spreading message of Islam publicly to all Meccans |
| c. 614 | Heavy persecution of Muslims begins |
| c. 615 | Emigration of a group of Muslims to Ethiopia |
| 616 | Banu Hashim clan boycott begins |
| 619 | The year of sorrows: Khadija (his wife) and Abu Talib (his uncle) die |
| 619 | Banu Hashim clan boycott ends |
| c. 620 | Isra and Mi'raj (reported ascension to heaven to meet God) |
| 622 | Hijra, emigration to Medina (called Yathrib) |
| 624 | Battle of Badr |
| 625 | Battle of Uhud |
| 627 | Battle of the Trench (also known as the siege of Medina) |
| 628 | The Meccan tribe of Quraysh and the Muslim community in Medina signed a 10 year truce called the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah |
| 629 | Conquest of Mecca |
| 632 | Farewell pilgrimage and death, in what is now Saudi Arabia |
| Timeline of Muhammad in Medina | |
|---|---|
| c. 622 | Emigrates to Medina (Hijra) |
| 623 | Caravan Raids begin |
| 623 | Al Kudr Invasion |
| 624 | Battle of Badr: Muslims defeat Meccans |
| 624 | Battle of Sawiq, Abu Sufyan escapes capture |
| 624 | Expulsion of Banu Qaynuqa |
| 624 | Invasion of Thi Amr, Muhammad raids Ghatafan tribes |
| 624 | Assassination of Khaled b. Sufyan & Abu Rafi |
| 625 | Battle of Uhud: Meccans defeat Muslims |
| 625 | Tragedy of Bir Maona and Al Raji |
| 625 | Invasion of Hamra al-Asad, successfully terrifies enemy to cause retreat |
| 625 | Banu Nadir expelled after Invasion |
| 625 | Invasion of Nejd, Badr and Dumatul Jandal |
| 627 | Battle of the Trench |
| 627 | Invasion of Banu Qurayza, successful siege |
| 628 | Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, gains access to Kaaba |
| 628 | Conquest of the Khaybar oasis |
| 629 | First hajj pilgrimage |
| 629 | Attack on Byzantine Empire fails: Battle of Mu'tah |
| 630 | Bloodless conquest of Mecca |
| 630 | Battle of Hunayn |
| 630 | Siege of Ta'if |
| 631 | Rules most of the Arabian peninsula |
| 632 | Attacks the Ghassanids: Tabuk duick |
| 632 | Farewell hajj pilgrimage |
| 632 | Death, on June 8 in Medina |
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The Battle of Badr (Arabic: غزوة بدر), fought on Saturday, 13 March 624 CE (17 Ramadan, 2 AH in the Islamic calendar) in the Hejaz region of western Arabia (present-day Saudi Arabia), was a key battle in the early days of Islam and a turning point in Muhammad's struggle with his opponents among the Quraish[1] in Mecca. The battle has been passed down in Islamic history as a decisive victory attributable to divine intervention, or by secular sources to the strategic genius of Muhammad. It is one of the few battles specifically mentioned in the Quran. Most contemporary knowledge of the battle at Badr comes from traditional Islamic accounts, both hadiths and biographies of Muhammad, recorded in written form some time after the battle.[2]
Prior to the battle, the Muslims and the Meccans had fought several smaller skirmishes in late 623 and early 624. Badr, however, was the first large-scale engagement between the two forces. Advancing to a strong defensive position, Muhammad's well-disciplined force broke the Meccan lines, killing several important Quraishi leaders including the Muslims' chief antagonist Abu Jahl.[3] For the early Muslims the battle was the first sign that they might eventually defeat their enemies among the Meccans. Mecca at that time was one of the richest and most powerful cities in Arabia, fielding an army three times larger than that of the Muslims.[4] The Muslim victory also signaled to the other tribes that a new power had arisen in Arabia and strengthened Muhammad's position as leader of the often fractious community in Medina.[5]
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- ↑ Quraish refers to the tribe in control of Mecca. The plural and adjective are Quraishi. The terms "Quraishi" and "Meccan" are used interchangeably between the Hijra in 622 and the Muslim Conquest of Mecca in 630.
- ↑ The development of exegesis in early Islam: the authenticity of Muslim ... By Herbert Berg.
- ↑ The Sealed Nectar, Page 274
- ↑ Noor Muhammad, Farkhanda. "Islamiat".Fifth Revised Edition,2008,p.61
- ↑ Dr. Iftikhar ul Haq and Maulvi Jahangir."O' Level Islamiyat [Endorsed by CIE]", Bookland Publishers,2008,p.74
