Psychopsidae

Silky lacewings Temporal range: Carnian–Recent PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
File:ZooKeys-130-217-g001 Undulopsychopsis alexi.jpg
Undulopsychopsis alexi
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Neuroptera
Superfamily:	Nemopteroidea
Family:	Psychopsidae Handlirsch, 1906
Genera
see text

Psychopsidae is a family of winged insects of the order Neuroptera. They are commonly called silky lacewings.

The silky lacewings are distinguishable in their adult stage by their spectacularly patterned and pubescent wings, broad wing shape, dense venation, and the presence of a vena triplica (the apical fusion of three veins in the hindwing).

taxonomy

They were formerly placed in the superfamily Hemerobioidea, but do not seem to be closely related to these net-winged insects at all. Rather, might be closer to the Myrmeleontoidea which contain for example the antlions (Myrmeleontidae). In particular, the spoon-winged laceflies (Nemopteridae) seem to be very closely related to the silky lacewings. These had at one time been placed in a superfamily Nemopteroidea. The fossil family Osmylopsychopidae was - as indicated by their scientific name - initially believed to be intermediate between the Psychopsidae and the Osmylidae. But actually these similarities are due to plesiomorphies in the first case, and simply misperceived in the second; the osmylopsychopids are one of the basal lineages of the Myrmeleontoidea as traditionally defined. The Nemopteroidea were eventually abolished and its members included in the Myrmeleontoidea. But as the silky and spoon-winged lacewings together with the "butterfly" lacewings of the Kalligrammatidae do seem to form a quite distinct clade among the expanded Myrmeleontoidea, it appears well warranted to reinstate the Nemopteroidea for them.

Silky lacewings were especially more diverse from the Triassic period to the Tertiary than in modern times.

Genera and species

The family currently includes five living genera in two subfamilies and a number of extinct genera with positions in the family that are uncertain. The following extinct genera are based on Peng et al. 2011:

Subfamily Psychopsinae

• Genus Balmes (Southwestern and Southern Asia)
  • Balmes birmanus (McLachlan, 1891
  • Balmes chikuni Wang & Bao, 2006
  • Balmes formosus (Kuwayama, 1927
  • Balmes gallardi (Tillyard, 1919
  • Balmes notabilis Navás, 1912
  • Balmes terissinus Navás, 1910

• Genus Psychopsis Newman, 1842 (Australia)
  • Psychopsis barnardi Tillyard, 1925
  • Psychopsis birmana McLachlan, 1891
  • Psychopsis coelivaga (Walker, 1853)
  • Psychopsis dumigani Tillyard, 1922]
  • Psychopsis elegans (Guérin-Méneville, 1844)
  • Psychopsis felina Navás, 1912
  • Psychopsis formosa Kuwayama, 1927
  • Psychopsis gallardi (Tillyard, 1919)
  • Psychopsis gracilis Tillyard, 1919
  • Psychopsis illidgei Froggatt, 1903
  • Psychopsis insolens McLachlan, 1863
  • Psychopsis leonina (Navás, 1910)
  • Psychopsis maculipennis Tillyard, 1925
  • Psychopsis margarita Tillyard, 1922
  • Psychopsis marshalli McLachlan, 1902
  • Psychopsis meyricki McLachlan, 1887
  • Psychopsis mimica Newman, 1842]
  • Psychopsis nebulosa van der Weele, 1907
  • Psychopsis newmani Froggatt, 1903
  • Psychopsis notabilis (Navás, 1912)
  • Psychopsis notha Navás, 1928
  • Psychopsis terissina (Navás, 1910)
  • Psychopsis tillyardi New, 1989
  • Psychopsis verreauxina (Navás, 1910)
  • Psychopsis zebra Brauer, 1889
  • Psychopsis (Orientichopsis) formosa Kuwayama, 1927

• Subfamily Zygophlebiinae
  • Genus Cabralis Navás, 1912 (central to southern Africa)
    • Cabralis gloriosus Navás, 1912
  • Genus Silveira Navás, 1912 (Afrotropical)
    • Silveira jordani Kimmins, 1939
    • Silveira marmoratus Navás, 1912
    • Silveira marshalli (McLachlan, 1902)
    • Silveira occultus Tjeder, 1960
    • Silveira rufus Tjeder, 1960
  • Genus Zygophlebius Navás, 1910 (central and southern Africa)
    • Zygophlebius leoninus Navás, 1910
    • Zygophlebius nebulosus (van der Weele, 1907)
    • Zygophlebius pseudosilveira Oswald, 1994
    • Zygophlebius verreauxinus Navás, 1910
    • Zygophlebius zebra (Brauer, 1889)

incertae sedis genera

• Genus †Ainigmapsychops Makarkin & Archibald, 2014
  • †Ainigmapsychops inexspectatus Makarkin & Archibald, 2014(Ypresian; Washington State, USA)
• Genus †Angaropsychops
  • †Angaropsychops sinicus (?Early Cretaceous; Liaoning, China)
  • †Angaropsychops turgensis (Hauterivian; Transbaikalia, Russia)
• Genus †Apeirophlebia
  • †Apeirophlebia grandis (Toarcian; Dobbertin, Germany)
• Genus †Archepsychops
  • †Archepsychops triassicus (Carnian; Queensland, Australia)
• Genus †Arctopsychops
  • †Arctopsychops zherikhini (Turonian; NE Siberia, Russia)
• Genus †Baisopsychops
  • †Baisopsychops lambkini (Pre-Barremian: Transbaikalia, Russia)
• Genus †Beipiaopsychops
  • †Beipiaopsychops triangulatus (Aalenian/Bajocian; Liaoning, China)
• Genus †Calopsychops
  • †Calopsychops extinctus (Oxfordian/Kimmeridgian; Karatau, Kazakhstan)
• Genus †Cretapsychops
  • †Cretapsychops decipiens (Aalenian/Bajocian; Daohugou, China)
  • †Cretapsychops corami (Barremian; Wealden, UK)
• Genus †Embaneura
  • †Embaneura vachrameevi (Cenomanian; Emba, Kazakhstan)
• Genus †Epipsychopsis
  • †Epipsychopsis fusca (Pre-Barremian; Transbaikalia, Russia)
  • †Epipsychopsis variegata (Pre-Barremian; Transbaikalia, Russia)
• Genus †Grammapsychops
  • †Grammapsychops lebedevi (Cenomanian; Siberia, Russia)
• Genus †Kagapsychops
  • †Kagapsychops aranea (Valanginian/Barremian; Kuwajima, Japan)
  • †Kagapsychops continentalis (Turonian; Kzyl-Zhar, Kazakhstan)
• Genus †Litopsychopsis
  • †Litopsychopsis burmitica (Albian; Burmese Amber)

• Genus †Micropsychops
  • †Micropsychops parallelus (Barremian; Wealden, UK)
• Genus †Miopsychopsis
  • †Miopsychopsis relicta (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene; Sikhote-Alin, Russia)
  • †Miopsychopsis sikhotensis (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene; Sikhote-Alin, Russia)
• Genus †Propsychops
  • †Propsychops karatavicus(Oxfordian/Kimmeridgian; Karatau, Kazakhstan)
• Genus †Propsychopsis
  • †Propsychopsis helmi (Lutetian/Bartonian; Baltic Amber)
  • †Propsychopsis hageni (Lutetian/Bartonian; Baltic Amber)
  • †Propsychopsis lapicidae (Lutetian/Bartonian; Baltic Amber)
• Genus †Psychopsites
  • †Psychopsites rolandi (Hauterivian; Wealden, UK)
• Genus †Pulchroptilonia
  • †Pulchroptilonia espatifata (Aptian; Araripe Basin, Brazil)
• Genus †Putzneura
  • †Putzneura parcimoniosa (Aptian; Araripe Basin, Brazil)
• Genus †Sinopsychops
  • †Sinopsychops chengdeensis (Aalenian/Bajocian; Hebei, China)
• Genus †Triassopsychops
  • †Triassopsychops superbus (Carnian; Queensland, Australia)
• Genus †Undulopsychopsis Peng, Makarkin, Wang, & Ren, 2011
  • †Undulopsychopsis alexi (Barremian; Liaoning, China)
• Genus †Valdipsychops
  • †Valdipsychops minimus (Hauterivian; Wealden, UK)
  • †Valdipsychops brigidae (Barremian; Wealden, UK)
  • †Valdipsychops logunovi (Barremian; Wealden, UK)
  • †Valdipsychops proudlovei (Barremian; Wealden, UK)
  • †Valdipsychops maculosus (Barremian; Wealden, UK)

References

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• Engel, Michael S. & Grimaldi, David A. (2007): The neuropterid fauna of Dominican and Mexican amber (Neuropterida, Megaloptera, Neuroptera). American Museum Novitates 3587: 1-58. PDF fulltext