Quinary

Quinary (base-5) is a numeral system with five as the base. A possible origination of a quinary system is that there are five fingers on either hand. The base five is stated from 0–4.

In the quinary place system, five numerals, from 0 to 4, are used to represent any real number. According to this method, five is written as 10, twenty-five is written as 100 and sixty is written as 220.

As five is a prime number, only the reciprocals of the powers of five terminate, although its location between two highly composite numbers (4 and 6) guarantees that many recurring fractions have relatively short periods.

Today, the main usage of base 5 is as a biquinary system, which is decimal using five as a sub-base. Another example of a sub-base system, is sexagesimal, base 60, which used 10 as a sub-base.

Each quinary digit has log₂5 (approx 2.321928094887362) bits of information.

Comparison to other radices

A quinary multiplication table

*	1	2	3	4	10	11	12	13	14	20
1	1	2	3	4	10	11	12	13	14	20
2	2	4	11	13	20	22	24	31	33	40
3	3	11	14	22	30	33	41	44	102	110
4	4	13	22	31	40	44	103	112	121	130
10	10	20	30	40	100	110	120	130	140	200
11	11	22	33	44	110	121	132	143	204	220
12	12	24	41	103	120	132	144	211	223	240
13	13	31	44	112	130	143	211	224	242	310
14	14	33	102	121	140	204	223	242	311	330
20	20	40	110	130	200	220	240	310	330	400

Numbers zero to twenty-five in standard quinary

Quinary	0	1	2	3	4	10	11	12	13	14	20	21	22
Binary	0	1	10	11	100	101	110	111	1000	1001	1010	1011	1100
Decimal	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
Quinary	23	24	30	31	32	33	34	40	41	42	43	44	100
Binary	1101	1110	1111	10000	10001	10010	10011	10100	10101	10110	10111	11000	11001
Decimal	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25

Fractions in quinary

Decimal (periodic part)	Quinary (periodic part)	Binary (periodic part)
1/2 = 0.5	1/2 = 0.2	1/10 = 0.1
1/3 = 0.3	1/3 = 0.13	1/11 = 0.01
1/4 = 0.25	1/4 = 0.1	1/100 = 0.01
1/5 = 0.2	1/10 = 0.1	1/101 = 0.0011
1/6 = 0.16	1/11 = 0.04	1/110 = 0.010
1/7 = 0.142857	1/12 = 0.032412	1/111 = 0.001
1/8 = 0.125	1/13 = 0.03	1/1000 = 0.001
1/9 = 0.1	1/14 = 0.023421	1/1001 = 0.000111
1/10 = 0.1	1/20 = 0.02	1/1010 = 0.00011
1/11 = 0.09	1/21 = 0.02114	1/1011 = 0.0001011101
1/12 = 0.083	1/22 = 0.02	1/1100 = 0.0001
1/13 = 0.076923	1/23 = 0.0143	1/1101 = 0.000100111011
1/14 = 0.0714285	1/24 = 0.013431	1/1110 = 0.0001
1/15 = 0.06	1/30 = 0.013	1/1111 = 0.0001
1/16 = 0.0625	1/31 = 0.0124	1/10000 = 0.0001
1/17 = 0.0588235294117647	1/32 = 0.0121340243231042	1/10001 = 0.00001111
1/18 = 0.05	1/33 = 0.011433	1/10010 = 0.0000111
1/19 = 0.052631578947368421	1/34 = 0.011242141	1/10011 = 0.000011010111100101
1/20 = 0.05	1/40 = 0.01	1/10100 = 0.000011
1/21 = 0.047619	1/41 = 0.010434	1/10101 = 0.000011
1/22 = 0.045	1/42 = 0.01032	1/10110 = 0.00001011101
1/23 = 0.0434782608695652173913	1/43 = 0.0102041332143424031123	1/10111 = 0.00001011001
1/24 = 0.0416	1/44 = 0.01	1/11000 = 0.00001
1/25 = 0.04	1/100 = 0.01	1/11001 = 0.00001010001111010111

Usage

Many languages use quinary number systems, including Gumatj, Nunggubuyu, Kuurn Kopan Noot, Luiseño and Saraveca. Gumatj is a true "5–25" language, in which 25 is the higher group of 5. The Gumatj numerals are shown below:

Number	Base 5	Numeral
1	1	wanggany
2	2	marrma
3	3	lurrkun
4	4	dambumiriw
5	10	wanggany rulu
10	20	marrma rulu
15	30	lurrkun rulu
20	40	dambumiriw rulu
25	100	dambumirri rulu
50	200	marrma dambumirri rulu
75	300	lurrkun dambumirri rulu
100	400	dambumiriw dambumirri rulu
125	1000	dambumirri dambumirri rulu
625	10000	dambumirri dambumirri dambumirri rulu

In the video game Riven and subsequent games of the Myst franchise, the D'ni language uses a quinary numeral system.

Biquinary

A decimal system with 2 and 5 as a sub-bases is called biquinary, and is found in Wolof and Khmer. Roman numerals are a biquinary system. The numbers 1, 5, 10, and 50 are written as I, V, X, and L respectively. Eight is VIII and seventy is LXX.

Most versions of the abacus use a biquinary system to simulate a decimal system for ease of calculation. Urnfield culture numerals and some tally mark systems are also biquinary. Units of currencies are commonly partially or wholly biquinary.

Quadquinary

A vigesimal system with 4 and 5 as a sub-bases is found in Nahuatl and the Maya numerals.

See also

• Pentimal system
• Quibinary
• Yan Tan Tethera

References

References:

External links

• Quinary Base Conversion, includes fractional part, from Math Is Fun

• http://logbase2.blogspot.ca/2007/12/log-base-2.html
• Harald Hammarström, Rarities in Numeral Systems: "Bases 5, 10, and 20 are omnipresent." doi:10.1515/9783110220933.11
• Dawson, J. "Australian Aborigines: The Languages and Customs of Several Tribes of Aborigines in the Western District of Victoria (1881), p. xcviii.