Rollo May

Rollo May
Born	(1909-04-21)April 21, 1909 Ada, Ohio, U.S.
Died	Tiburon, California, U.S.
Nationality	American
Education	height:2.2em;padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.15em Union Theological Seminary (BD) Oberlin College Michigan State University
Occupation	Psychologist Author
Known for	Love and Will (1969)

Rollo Reece May (April 21, 1909 – October 22, 1994) was an American existential psychologist and author of the influential book Love and Will (1969). He is often associated with humanistic psychology, existentialist philosophy and, alongside Viktor Frankl, was a major proponent of existential psychotherapy. The philosopher and theologian Paul Tillich was a close friend who had a significant influence on his work.

As well as Love and Will, May's works also include The Meaning of Anxiety (1950, revised 1977) and, titled in honor of Tillich's The Courage to Be, The Courage to Create (1975).

Biography

May was born in Ada, Ohio, on April 21, 1909. He experienced a difficult childhood when his parents divorced and his sister was diagnosed with schizophrenia. He was the first son of a family with six children. His mother often left the children to care for themselves, and with his sister suffering from schizophrenia, he bore a great deal of responsibility. His educational career took him to Michigan State University, where he pursued a major in English, but he was expelled due to his involvement in a radical student magazine. After being asked to leave, he attended Oberlin College and received a bachelor's degree in English. He later spent three years teaching in Greece at Anatolia College. During this time, he studied with doctor and psychotherapist Alfred Adler, with whom his later work also shares theoretical similarities. He became ordained as a minister shortly after coming back to the United States, but left the ministry after several years to pursue a degree in psychology. He was diagnosed with tuberculosis in 1942 and spent 18 months in a sanatorium. He later attended Union Theological Seminary for a BD during 1938, and finally to Teachers College, Columbia University for a PhD in clinical psychology in 1949. May was a founder and faculty member of Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center in San Francisco.

He spent the final years of his life in Tiburon on San Francisco Bay. A victim of declining health, May died due of congestive heart failure at the age of 85. He was attended in the end by his wife, Georgia, and friends.

Accomplishments

• The Meaning of Anxiety was Rollo May's first book. It was based on his doctoral dissertation, which in turn was based on his reading of the 19th century philosopher Søren Kierkegaard. The Meaning of Anxiety was written mainly to relate to people of western cultures, who are more likely to focus on anxiety as an issue in their life. May wrote this book with the intentions of it being easily read, yet still providing all the information that came from the research in studying the cause and effects of anxiety.
• In 1956, he edited the book Existence with Ernst Angel and Henri Ellenberger. Existence helped introduce existential psychology to the US. He explained how existentialism is not just a varied form of Freudianism in the books. He also explained what the many concepts of existential psychology covers.
• Love and Will is another of May's famous texts. This book investigates the shifting viewpoints of love and will in human behavior. It looks at the deep, internal dilemmas humans face through their relationships.

Influences and psychological background

May was influenced by North American humanism, and interested in reconciling existential psychology with other philosophies, especially Freud's. May considered Otto Rank (1884–1939) to be the most important precursor of existential therapy. Shortly before his death, May wrote the foreword to Robert Kramer's edited collection of Rank's American lectures. "I have long considered Otto Rank to be the great unacknowledged genius in Freud's circle", wrote May. May is often grouped with humanists, for example Abraham Maslow, who provided a good base for May's studies and theories as an existentialist. May delves further into the awareness of the serious dimensions of a human's life than Maslow did. Erich Fromm had many ideas with which May agreed relating to May's existential ideals. Fromm studied the ways people avoid anxiety by conforming to societal norms rather than doing what they please. Fromm also focused on self-expression and free will, on all of which May based many of his studies.

Stages of development

Like Freud, May defined certain "stages" of development. These stages are not as strict as Freud's psychosexual stages, rather they signify a sequence of major issues in each individual's life:

1. Innocence – the pre-egoic, pre-self-conscious stage of the infant: An innocent is only doing what he or she must do. However, an innocent does have a degree of will in the sense of a drive to fulfill needs.
2. Rebellion – the rebellious person wants freedom, but does not yet have a good understanding of the responsibility that goes with it.
3. Ordinary – the normal adult ego learned responsibility, but finds it too demanding, so seeks refuge in conformity and traditional values.
4. Creative – the authentic adult, the existential stage, self-actualizing and transcending simple egocentrism

These are not "stages" in the traditional sense. A child may certainly be innocent, ordinary, or creative at times; an adult may be rebellious. However, the only association with of the stages with certain ages is in terms of importance and salience. For example, rebelliousness is more important for the development of a teenager than for a child two years old.

Perspectives

Anxiety

Anxiety is a major focus of Rollo May and is the subject of his work "The Meaning of Anxiety". He defines it as "the apprehension cued off by a threat to some value which the individual holds essential to his existence as a self" (1967, p. 72). He also quotes Kierkegaard: "Anxiety is the dizziness of freedom". May's interest in isolation and anxiety developed strongly after his time in the sanatorium when he had tuberculosis. His own feelings of depersonalization and isolation as well as watching others deal with fear and anxiety gave him important insight into the subject. He concluded that anxiety is essential to an individual's growth and in fact contributes to what it means to be human. This is a way that humans enact their freedom to live a life of dignity. He is adamant in the importance of anxiety and feelings of threat and powerlessness because it gives humans the freedom to act courageously as opposed to conforming to be comfortable ((8)). This struggle gives humans the opportunity to live life to the fullest (Friedman). One way in which Rollo proposes to fight anxiety is by displacing anxiety to fear as he believes that “anxiety seeks to become fear”. He claims that by shifting anxiety to a fear, one can therefore discover incentives to either avoid the feared object or find the means to remove this fear of it.

Love

May's thoughts on love are documented mainly by Love and Will, which focuses on love and sex in human behavior and in which he specifies five particular types of love. He believes that they should not be separate, but that society has separated love and sex into two different ideologies.

• Sex : Biological function that can be satisfied through sexual intercourse or some other release of sexual tension.
• Eros : Psychological desire the seeks procreation or creation through an enduring union with a loved one.
• Philia : intimate non-sexual friendship between two people.
• Agape: esteem for the other, the concern for the other’s welfare beyond any gain that one can get out of it, disinterested love, typically, the love of God for man.
• Authentic love : Incorporates all other types of love.

May particularly investigated and criticized the "Sexual Revolution" in the 1960s, in which many individuals were exploring their sexuality. "Free sex" was replacing the ideology of free love. May explains that love is intentionally willed by an individual, whereas sexual desire is the complete opposite. Love is real human instinct reflected upon deliberation and consideration. May then shows that to give in to these impulses does not actually make one free, but to resist these impulses is the meaning of being free. May perceived the Hippie subculture and sexual mores of the 1960s and 1970s, as well as commercialization of sex and pornography, as having influenced society such that people believed that love and sex are no longer associated directly. According to May, emotion has become separated from reason, making it acceptable socially to seek sexual relationships and avoid the natural drive to relate to another person and create new life. May believed that sexual freedom can cause modern society to neglect more important psychological developments. May suggests that the only way to remedy the cynical ideas that characterize our times is to rediscover the importance of caring for another, which May describes as the opposite of apathy.

Criticism of modern psychotherapy

May believed that psychotherapists in the late 1900s had fractured away from the Jungian, Freudian and other influencing psychoanalytic thought and started creating their own 'gimmicks' causing a crisis within the world of psychotherapy. These gimmicks were said to put too much stock into the self where the real focus needed to be looking at 'man in the world'. To accomplish this, May pushed for the use of existential therapy over individually created techniques for psychotherapy.

Bibliography

Year	Title	Published by	ISBN
1940	The Springs of Creative Living	Whitmore & Stone	unknown
1950a	The Meaning of Anxiety	W W Norton (1996 revised edition)	0-393-31456-1
1953	Man's Search for Himself	Delta (1973 reprint)	0-385-28617-1
1956	Existence	Jason Aronson (1994 reprint)	1-56821-271-2
1965	The Art of Counseling	Gardner Press (1989 revised edition)	0-89876-156-5
1967	Psychology and the Human Dilemma	W W Norton (1996 reprint)	0-393-31455-3
1969	Love and Will	W W Norton / Delta (1989 reprint)	0-393-01080-5 / 0-385-28590-6
1972	Power and Innocence: A Search for the Sources of Violence	W W Norton (1998 reprint)	0-393-31703-X
1973	Paulus: A personal portrait of Paul Tillich	Harper & Row	0-00-211689-8
1975	The Courage to Create	W W Norton (1994 reprint)	0-393-31106-6
1981	Freedom and Destiny	W W Norton (1999 edition)	0-393-31842-7
1983	The Discovery of Being: Writings in Existential Psychology	W W Norton (1994 reprint)	0-393-31240-2
1985	My Quest for Beauty	Saybrook Publishing	0-933071-01-9
1991	The Cry for Myth	Delta (1992 reprint)	0-385-30685-7
1995	The Psychology of Existenceb	McGraw-Hill	0-07-041017-8

^a revised 1977.
^b with Kirk Schneider.

Papers

• "Humanity's dark side: Evil, destructive experience, and psychotherapy", Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2013.
• "Existential psychology East-West", Colorado Springs, Colorado: University of the Rockies Press, 2009.
• "Rollo May on the Courage to Create" in Media and Methods 10 (1974), 9:14-16.
• De Castro, Alberto, "An integration of the existential understanding of anxiety in the writings of Rollo May, Irvin Yalom, and Kirk Schneider", ProQuest Information & Learning, 2011 (AAI3423854).

See also

• Stephen A. Diamond
• Abraham Maslow
• Carl Rogers
• Virginia Satir
• Kirk J. Schneider
• Land of Dreams (film)

Sources and further reading

• Rank, Otto, A Psychology of Difference: The American Lectures [talks given 1924–1938; edited and with an introductory essay by Robert Kramer], Princeton University Press 1996 (ISBN 0-691-04470-8).
• Friedman, Howard S. and Miriam W. Schustack, Personality: Classic Theories and Modern Research, Boston: Pearson Allyn & Bacon, 2012 (ISBN 9780205050178).

External links

Primary sources

• The Meaning of Anxiety By Rollo May, 1950, 1977, 1996
• The Courage to Create, by Rollo May, 1975
• Man's Search for Himself , By Rollo May, 1953, 1981, 2009
• The Discovery of Being: writings in existential psychology By Rollo May, 1983

Secondary sources

• Famous Psychologists - Rollo May
• Rollo May page at Mythos & Logos
• Thinking Allowed - Interview with Rollo May Ph.D.
• Saybrook Graduate School's Historical Origins
• "Personality Theories - Rollo May"
• "Existential Primer: Rollo May"
• [Existentialism webring]
• Famous Psychologists: Rollo May
• Interpersonal-Humanistic web
• THE HUMAN DILEMMA with ROLLO MAY, Ph.D.
• http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=ajp.019.0106a
• Rollo May: Love & Will
• The Meaning of Anxiety
• Rollo May on nndb