Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

The logo of the Stockholm Convention Secretariat
Type	United Nations treaty
Signed	22 May 2001
Location	Stockholm, Sweden
Effective	17 May 2004
Condition	Ninety days after the ratification by at least 50 signatory states
Signatories	152
Parties	179
Depositary	Secretary-General of the United Nations
Languages	Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish

  State parties to the Stockholm Convention as of May 2012

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants is an international environmental treaty, signed in 2001 and effective from May 2004, that aims to eliminate or restrict the production and use of persistent organic pollutants (POPs).

History

In 1995, the Governing Council of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) called for global action to be taken on POPs, which it defined as "chemical substances that persist in the environment, bio-accumulate through the food web, and pose a risk of causing adverse effects to human health and the environment".

Following this, the Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS) and the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) prepared an assessment of the 12 worst offenders, known as the dirty dozen.

The INC met five times between June 1998 and December 2000 to elaborate the convention, and delegates adopted the Stockholm Convention on POPs at the Conference of the Plenipotentiaries convened from 22–23 May 2001 in Stockholm, Sweden.

The negotiations for the Convention were completed on 23 May 2001 in Stockholm. The convention entered into force on 17 May 2004 with ratification by an initial 128 parties and 151 signatories. Co-signatories agree to outlaw nine of the dirty dozen chemicals, limit the use of DDT to malaria control, and curtail inadvertent production of dioxins and furans.

Parties to the convention have agreed to a process by which persistent toxic compounds can be reviewed and added to the convention, if they meet certain criteria for persistence and transboundary threat. The first set of new chemicals to be added to the Convention were agreed at a conference in Geneva on 8 May 2009.

As of May 2013, there are 179 parties to the Convention, (178 states and the European Union). Notable non-ratifying states include the United States, Israel, Malaysia, Italy and Iraq.

The Stockholm Convention was adopted to EU legislation in REGULATION (EC) No 850/2004.

Summary of provisions

Key elements of the Convention include the requirement that developed countries provide new and additional financial resources and measures to eliminate production and use of intentionally produced POPs, eliminate unintentionally produced POPs where feasible, and manage and dispose of POPs wastes in an environmentally sound manner. Precaution is exercised throughout the Stockholm Convention, with specific references in the preamble, the objective, and the provision on identifying new POPs.

Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee

When adopting the Convention, provision was made for a procedure to identify additional POPs and the criteria to be considered in doing so. At the first meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP1), held in Punta del Este, Uruguay from 2–6 May 2005, the POPRC was established to consider additional candidates nominated for listing under the Convention.

The Committee is composed of 31 experts nominated by parties from the five United Nations regional groups and reviews nominated chemicals in three stages. The Committee first determines whether the substance fulfills POP screening criteria detailed in Annex D of the Convention, relating to its persistence, bioaccumulation, potential for long-range environmental transport (LRET), and toxicity. If a substance is deemed to fulfill these requirements, the Committee then drafts a risk profile according to Annex E to evaluate whether the substance is likely, as a result of its LRET, to lead to significant adverse human health and/or environmental effects and therefore warrants global action. Finally, if the POPRC finds that global action is warranted, it develops a risk management evaluation, according to Annex F, reflecting socioeconomic considerations associated with possible control measures. Based on this, the POPRC decides to recommend that the COP list the substance under one or more of the annexes to the Convention. The POPRC has met annually in Geneva, Switzerland since its establishment.

The seventh meeting of the Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee (POPRC-7) of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) took place from 10–14 October 2011 in Geneva, Switzerland. POPRC-8 was held from 15–19 October 2012 in Geneva, and POPRC-9 was held from 14–18 October 2013 in Rome.

Listed substances

There were initially twelve distinct chemicals listed in three categories. Two chemicals, hexachlorobenzene and polychlorinated biphenyls, were listed in both categories A and C.

Annex	Name	CAS Number	Exemptions
A. Elimination	Aldrin	309-00-2	Production none Use as a local ectoparasiticide and insecticide
A. Elimination	Chlordane	57-74-9	Production by registered parties Use as a local ectoparasiticide, insecticide, termiticide (including in buildings, dams and roads) and as an additive in plywood adhesives
A. Elimination	Dieldrin	60-57-1	Production none Use in agricultural operations
A. Elimination	Endrin	72-20-8	None
A. Elimination	Heptachlor	76-44-8	Production none Use as a termiticide (including in the structure of houses and underground), for organic treatment and in underground cable boxes
A. Elimination	Hexachlorobenzene	118-74-1	Production by registered parties Use as a chemical intermediate and a solvent for pesticides
A. Elimination	Mirex	2385-85-5	Production by registered parties Use as a termiticide
A. Elimination	Toxaphene	8001-35-2	None
A. Elimination	Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)	various	Production none Use in accordance with part II of Annex A
B. Restriction	DDT	50-29-3	Disease vector control in accordance with Part II of Annex B Production and use as an intermediate in the production of dicofol and other compounds
C. Unintentional Production	Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins ("dioxins") and polychlorinated dibenzofurans	various
C. Unintentional Production	Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)	various
C. Unintentional Production	Hexachlorobenzene	118-74-1

Added by the Fourth Conference of Parties, May 2009

These modifications has come into force on 26 August 2010, except for countries that submit a notification pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 3(b) of Article 22.

Annex	Name	CAS Number	Exemptions
A. Elimination	α-Hexachlorocyclohexane	319-84-6	None
A. Elimination	β-Hexachlorocyclohexane	319-85-7	None
A. Elimination	Chlordecone	143-50-0	None
A. Elimination	Hexabromobiphenyl	36355-01-8	None
A. Elimination	Hexabromodiphenyl ether and heptabromodiphenyl ether	various	Production none Use recycling and reuse of articles containing these compounds
A. Elimination	Lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane )	58-89-9	Production none Use Human health pharmaceutical for control of head lice and scabies as second line treatment
A. Elimination & C. Unintentional Production	Pentachlorobenzene	608-93-5	None
A. Elimination	Tetrabromodiphenyl ether and pentabromodiphenyl ether	various	Production none Use recycling and reuse of articles containing these compounds
B. Restriction	Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), its salts and perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride (PFOSF)	various	Production for permitted uses Use various uses specified in part III of Annex B

Added by the Fifth Conference of Parties, May 2011

Annex	Name	CAS Number	Exemptions
A. Elimination	Endosulfan	115-29-7 959-98-8 33213-65-9	Production As allowed for the parties listed in the Register of specific exemptions Use Crop-pest complexes as listed in accordance with the provisions of part VI of Annex A.

Added by the Sixth Conference of Parties, April–May 2013

These modifications has come into force on 26 November 2014, except for countries that submit a notification pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 3(b) of Article 22.

Annex	Name	CAS Number	Exemptions
A. Elimination	Hexabromocyclododecane	25637-99-4 3194-55-6 134237-50-6 134237-51-7 134237-52-8	Production As allowed for the parties listed in the Register in accordance with the provisions of Part VII of this Annex Use Expanded polystyrene and extruded polystyrene in buildings in accordance with the provisions of Part VII of this Annex.

Chemicals newly proposed for inclusion in Annexes A,B,C

POPRC-7 considered three proposals for listing in Annexes A, B and/or C of the Convention: chlorinated naphthalenes (CNs), hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) and pentachlorophenol (PCP), its salts and esters. The proposal is the first stage of the POPRC's work in assessing a substance, and requires the POPRC to assess whether the proposed chemical satisfies the criteria in Annex D of the Convention. The criteria for forwarding a proposed chemical to the risk profile preparation stage are persistence, bioaccumulation, potential for long-range environmental transport (LRET), and adverse effects.

POPRC-8 proposed hexabromocyclododecane for listing in Annex A, with specific exemptions for production and use in expanded polystyrene and extruded polystyrene in buildings. This proposal was agreed at the sixth Conference of Parties on 28 April-10 May 2013.

POPRC-9 proposed di-,tri-,tetra-,penta-,hexa-, hepta- and octa-chlorinated napthalenes, and hexachlorobutadiene for listing in Annexes A and C. It also set up further work on pentachlorophenol, its salts and esters, and decabromodiphenyl ether, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, its salts and perfluorooctane sulfonyl chloride.

Controversies

Although some critics have alleged that the treaty is responsible for the continuing death toll from malaria, in reality the treaty specifically permits the public health use of DDT for the control of mosquitoes (the malaria vector). From a developing country perspective, a lack of data and information about the sources, releases, and environmental levels of POPs hampers negotiations on specific compounds, and indicates a strong need for research.

Related conventions and other ongoing negotiations regarding pollution

• Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade
• Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP)
• Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal

Ongoing negotiations

• Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee's work towards a Legally Binding Instrument on Mercury
• Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS)
• Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM)

Further reading

• Chasek, Pam, David L. Downie, and J.W. Brown (2013). Global Environmental Politics, 6th Edition, Boulder: Westview Press.
• Downie, David (2003). “Global POPs Policy: The 2001 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants”, in D. Downie and T. Fenge (ed.) Northern Lights against POPs: Combating Toxic Threats in the Arctic, Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press.
• Downie, David and Terry Fenge (2003). Northern Lights against POPs: Combating Toxic Threats in the Arctic, Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press.
• Downie, D., Krueger, J. and Selin, H. (2005). “Global Policy for Toxic Chemicals”, in R. Axelrod, D. Downie and N. Vig (eds.) The Global Environment: Institutions, Law & Policy, 2nd Edition, Washington: CQ Press.
• Downie, David and Jessica Templeton (2013). “Persistent Organic Pollutants.” The Routledge Handbook of Global Environmental Politics. New York: Routledge.
• Eckley, N. And Selin, H. (2003). "Science, Politics, and Persistent Organic Pollutants: Scientific Assessments and Their Role in International Environmental Negotiations," International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 3:1: 17–42.
• Kohler, P. and Ashton, M. (2010.) “Paying for POPs: Negotiating the Implementation of the Stockholm Convention in Developing Countries”, International Negotiation, 15: 459–484.
• Selin, H. (2010). Global Governance of Hazardous Chemicals: Challenges of Multilevel Management, Cambridge: The MIT Press.

External links

• Stockholm Convention Secretariat
• Text of the Convention
• Ratifications
• Earth Negotiation Bulletin coverage of Stockholm Convention Meetings
• Introduction to the POPs Convention
• Safe Planet