Summit (meeting)

A summit meeting (or just summit) is a meeting of heads of state or government, usually with considerable media exposure, tight security, and a prearranged agenda. Notable summit meetings include those of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin during World War II. However, the term summit was not commonly used for such meetings until the Geneva Summit (1955). During the Cold War, when American presidents joined with Soviet or Chinese counterparts for one-on-one meetings, the media labelled the event as a "summit". The post–Cold War era has produced an increase in the number of "summit" events. Nowadays, international summits are the most common expression for global governance.

Notable summits

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World War II conferences

• U.S.-British Staff Conference (ABC-1) (January 29–March 27, 1941)
• Atlantic Conference (August 9–12, 1941)
• Moscow Conference (September 29–October 1, 1941)
• Arcadia Conference (December 22, 1941 – January 14, 1942)
• Second Washington Conference (June 20–25, 1942)
• Second Moscow Conference (August 12–19, 1942)
• Cherchell Conference (October 21–22, 1942)
• Casablanca Conference (January 14–24, 1943)
• Bermuda Conference (April 19, 1943)
• Third Washington Conference (May 12–27, 1943)
• Quebec Conference (August 17–24, 1943)
• Third Moscow Conference (October 18–November 1, 1943)
• Cairo Conference (November 22-November 26, 1943)
• Tehran Conference (November 28-December 1, 1943)
• Second Cairo Conference (December 4–6, 1943)
• Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference (May 1–16, 1944)
• United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference (Bretton Woods) (July 1–15, 1944)
• Dumbarton Oaks Conference (August 21–29, 1944)
• Second Quebec Conference (September 12–16, 1944)
• Fourth Moscow Conference (October 9, 1944)
• Malta Conference (January 30–February 2, 1945)
• Yalta Conference (February 4–11, 1945)
• United Nations Conference on International Organization (April 25–June 26, 1945)
• Potsdam Conference (July 17–August 2, 1945)

Arab League summits

• 1974   Rabat summit conference

• 2002   Beirut Summit

Earth Summits

• 1992   Earth Summit, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
• 2002   Earth Summit, Johannesburg, South Africa,
• 2012   Earth Summit, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

G-summits

Group of Six (G6), heads of government

• 1975   1st G6 summit, Château de Rambouillet

Group of Seven (G7), heads of government

• 1976   2nd G7 summit, San Juan
• 1977   3rd G7 summit, London
• 1978   4th G7 summit, Bonn
• 1979   5th G7 summit, Tokyo
• 1980   6th G7 summit, Venice
• 1981   7th G7 summit, Montebello
• 1982   8th G7 summit, Versailles
• 1983   9th G7 summit, Williamsburg
• 1984   10th G7 summit, London
• 1985   11th G7 summit, Bonn
• 1986   12th G7 summit, Tokyo
• 1987   13th G7 summit, Venice
• 1988   14th G7 summit, Toronto
• 1989   15th G7 summit, Grande Arche
• 1990   16th G7 summit, Houston
• 1991   17th G7 summit, London
• 1992   18th G7 summit, Munich
• 1993   19th G7 summit, Tokyo
• 1994   20th G7 summit, Naples
• 1995   21st G7 summit, Halifax
• 1996   22nd G7 summit, Lyon

Group of Eight (G8), heads of government

• 1997   23rd G8 summit, Denver
• 1998   24th G8 summit, Birmingham
• 1999   25th G8 summit, Cologne
• 2000   26th G8 summit, Okinawa
• 2001   27th G8 summit, Genoa
• 2002   28th G8 summit, Kananaskis
• 2003   29th G8 summit, Évian-les-Bains
• 2004   30th G8 summit, Sea Island
• 2005   31st G8 summit, Gleneagles
• 2006   32nd G8 summit, Saint Petersburg
• 2007   33rd G8 summit, Heiligendamm
• 2008   34th G8 summit, Tokyo
• 2009   35th G8 summit, L'Aquila, Abruzzo
• 2010   36th G8 summit, Huntsville
• 2011   37th G8 summit, Deauville
• 2012   38th G8 summit, Camp David, Maryland
• 2013   39th G8 summit, Lough Erne in County Fermanagh

Group of Seven (G7), heads of government

• 2014   40th G7 summit, Brussels
• 2015   41st G7 summit, Schloss Elmau, Bavaria
• 2016   42nd G7 summit, Shima, Mie Prefecture

Group of Twenty, heads of government

• 2008 G-20 Washington summit
• 2009 G-20 London summit
• 2009 G-20 Pittsburgh summit
• 2010 G-20 Toronto summit
• 2010 G-20 Seoul summit
• 2011 G-20 Cannes summit
• 2012 G-20 Los Cabos Summit
• 2013 G-20 Saint Petersburg Summit
• 2014 G-20 Brisbane Summit

European summits

• 1969   The Hague: Foreign policy and enlargement.
• 1974   Paris: Creation of the Council.
• 1985   Milan: Initiate IGC leading to the Single European Act.
• 1991   Maastricht': Agreement on the Maastricht Treaty.
• 1997   Amsterdam: Agreement on the Amsterdam Treaty.
• 1998   Brussels: Selected member states to adopt the euro.

• 1999   Cologne: Declaration on military forces.
• 1999   Tampere: Institutional reform
• 2000   Lisbon: Lisbon Strategy
• 2002   Copenhagen: Agreement for May 2004 enlargement.
• 2007   Lisbon: Agreement on the Lisbon Treaty.

Inter-Korean summits

• 2000   1st Korean summit

• 2007   2nd Korean summit

Millennium Development Goals

• 2000   Millennium Summit, New York City

• 2005   2005 World Summit, New York City

South American Summits

• 2000   2000 South American Summit, Brasília
• 2002   South American Summit, Guayaquil

• 2004   2004 South American Summit, Cuzco, Peru

Summits of the Americas

• 1994 -- 1st Summit of the Americas at Miami in the United States.
• 1996—Summit of the Americas on Sustainable Development at Santa Cruz de la Sierra in Bolivia.
• 1998 -- 2nd Summit of the Americas at Santiago in Chile.
• 2001 -- 3rd Summit of the Americas, in Quebec City, Canada.

• 2004 -- Monterrey Special Summit of the Americas at Monterrey in Mexico.
• 2005 -- 4th Summit of the Americas at Mar del Plata in Argentina.
• 2009 -- 5th Summit of the Americas at Port-of-Spain in Trinidad and Tobago.
• 2012 -- 6th Summit of the Americas at Cartagena in Colombia.

UN International conferences on Afghanistan

• 2001 - International Conference on Afghanistan in Bonn
• 2004 - International Conference on Afghanistan in Berlin
• 2006 - International Conference on Afghanistan in London
• 2007 - International Conference on the Rule of Law in Afghanistan in Rome

• 2008 - International Conference on Afghanistan in Paris
• 2009 - International Conference on Afghanistan in Moscow
• 2009 - International Conference on Afghanistan in The Hague
• 2010 - International Conference on Afghanistan in London

Miscellaneous

• 1955   Geneva Summit
• 1967   Glassboro Summit Conference
• 1985   Shamrock Summit
• 1986   Reykjavík Summit
• 1989   Malta Summit
• 1990   World Summit for Children
• 2001   Agra summit
• 2001   Taba summit
• 2001   Slovenia Summit 2001
• 2000   2000 Camp David Summit
• 2003–2005   World Summit on the Information Society
• 2005   Sharm el-Sheikh Summit of 2005
• 2005   Slovakia Summit 2005
• 2015   Valletta Summit on Migration

See also

• ASEAN summit
• BRICS summits
• Francophonie Summits
• NATO summit
• Non-Aligned Movement Summits
• SAARC Summits