Vladimir, Russia

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This article is about the city. For other uses, see Vladimir.
Vladimir (English)
Владимир (Russian)
-  City[1]  -
250px
Views of Vladimir
Map of Russia - Vladimir Oblast (2008-03).svg
Location of Vladimir Oblast in Russia
Vladimir is located in Vladimir Oblast
Vladimir
Vladimir
Location of Vladimir in Vladimir Oblast
Coordinates: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
70px
Flag of Vladimir.png
Coat of arms
Flag
Anthem none[2]
City Day The first Sunday of September[citation needed]
Administrative status (as of March 2014)
Country Russia
Federal subject Vladimir Oblast[3]
Administratively subordinated to City of Vladimir[3]
Administrative center of Vladimir Oblast,[3] City of Vladimir[3]
Municipal status (as of August 2009)
Urban okrug Vladimir Urban Okrug[4]
Administrative center of Vladimir Urban Okrug[4]
Head[6] Sergey Sakharov[5]
Representative body Council of People's Deputies[6]
Statistics
Area (2011) 124.59 km2 (48.10 sq mi)[7]
Population (2010 Census) 345,373 inhabitants[8]
- Rank in 2010 51st
Density Lua error in Module:Convert at line 272: attempt to index local 'cat' (a nil value).[9]
Time zone MSK (UTC+03:00)[10]
Founded 990 or 1108(see text)
Postal code(s)[11] 600000, 600001, 600003, 600005–600009, 600014–600018, 600020–600028, 600031–600033, 600035–600038, 600700, 600950, 600960, 600970, 600980, 600999, 992800
Dialing code(s) +7 4922[citation needed]
Official website
[[:commons:Category:{{#property:Commons category}}|Vladimir]] on Wikimedia Commons

Vladimir (Russian: Владимир; IPA: [vlɐˈdʲimʲɪr] ( listen)) is a city and the administrative center of Vladimir Oblast, Russia, located on the Klyazma River, 200 kilometers (120 mi) to the east of Moscow. It is served by a railway and the M7 motorway. Population: 345,373 (2010 Census);[8] 315,954 (2002 Census);[12] 349,702 (1989 Census).[13]

History

Vladimir was one of the medieval capitals of Russia, with significant buildings surviving from the 12th century. Two of its Russian Orthodox cathedrals, a monastery, and associated buildings have been designated as among the White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In the past, the city was also known as Vladimir-on-Klyazma (Владимир-на-Клязьме)[14] and Vladimir-Zalessky (Владимир-Залесский), to distinguish it from another Vladimir in Volhynia (modern Ukraine).

Foundation date controversy

Traditionally, the founding date of Vladimir has been acknowledged as 1108, as the first mention of Vladimir in the Primary Chronicle appears under that year. This view attributes the founding of the city, and its name, to Vladimir Monomakh, who inherited the region as part of the Rostov-Suzdal Principality in 1093. It is named there as Volodymyr.[15] Being established long after the city of Vladimir in Volhynia, initially it was named Vladimir-on-Klyazma. In 1958, the 850th anniversary of the city foundation was celebrated, with many monuments from the celebrations adorning the city.

In the 1990s, a new opinion developed that the city is older than this. Scholars reinterpreted certain passages in the Hypatian Codex, which mentions that the region was visited by Vladimir the Great, the "father" of Russian Orthodoxy, in 990, so as to move the city foundation date to that year. The defenders of the previously uncontested founding year of 1108 dispute the claims of those who support the new date, arguing that the new theory was fabricated in order to provide a reason to have a celebration in 1995.

The neighboring town of Suzdal, for instance, was mentioned in 1024. Its 12th-century inhabitants alluded to Vladimir as a young town and treated its rulers with arrogance. In the words of a major chronicle, they said that the people of Vladimir were "their kholops and scions". In the seniority conflicts of the 12th and early 13th centuries, Vladimir was repeatedly described as a "young town" compared to Suzdal and Rostov. Nevertheless, the Charter of Vladimir, the basic law of the city passed in 2005, explicitly mentions 990 as the date of the city's foundation.[16]

Golden Age

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Main article: Vladimir-Suzdal

The city's most historically significant events occurred after the turn of the 12th century. Serving its original purpose as a defensive outpost for the Rostov-Suzdal Principality, Vladimir had little political or military influence throughout the reign of Vladimir Monomakh (1113–1125), or his son Yury Dolgoruky ("Far-Reaching") (1154–1157).

File:Успенский собор-2 (by Hd Elen).jpg
Dormition Cathedral was a venerated model for cathedrals all over Russia
File:Vladimir demetrios.jpg
St. Demetrius' Cathedral, shown on this 1912 photo, is famous for its masterfully carved exterior, representing the Biblical story of King David.

Under Dolgoruky's son, Andrey Bogolyubsky (1157–1175) (also known as Andrew the Pious), the city became the center of the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality. It had a Golden Age, which lasted until the Mongol invasion of Rus' in 1237. During this time, Vladimir enjoyed immense growth and prosperity. Andrey oversaw the building of the city's Golden Gates and the Dormition Cathedral. In 1164, Andrey attempted to establish a new metropolitanate in Vladimir, separate from that of Kiev. He was rebuffed by the Patriarch of Constantinople.[17]

Scores of Russian, German, and Georgian masons worked on Vladimir's white stone cathedrals, monastery, towers, and palaces. Unlike any other northern buildings, their exterior was elaborately carved with high relief stone sculptures. Only three of these edifices stand today: the Dormition Cathedral, the Cathedral of Saint Demetrius, and the Golden Gate. They are included among the White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal, designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. During Andrey's reign, a royal palace in Bogolyubovo was built, as well as the world-famous Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, now considered one of the jewels of ancient Russian architecture. Andrey was assassinated at his palace at Bogolyubovo in 1175.

Decline

Drawing of Mongols of the Golden Horde outside Vladimir presumably demanding submission before sacking the city

Vladimir was besieged by the Mongol-Tatars of the Golden Horde under Batu Khan. It was finally overrun on February 8, 1238. A great fire destroyed thirty-two limestone buildings on the first day alone, while the grand prince's family perished in a church where they sought refuge from the flames. The grand prince escaped, but was killed at the Battle of the Sit River the following month.

After the Mongols, Vladimir never fully recovered. The most important Rus' prince (usually the Prince of Moscow, but sometimes of Tver or another principality) was styled the Grand Prince of Vladimir, but the title had become an honorific symbol of majesty. From 1299 to 1325, the city was seat of the metropolitans of Kiev and All Rus', until Metropolitan Peter moved the see to Moscow.

The Grand Princes of Vladimir were originally crowned in Vladimir's Assumption Cathedral, but when Moscow superseded Vladimir in the 14th century as the seat of the Grand Prince, the Assumption Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin became the site of their coronation. The Moscow cathedral was loosely copied by the Italian architect Aristotele Fioravanti from Vladimir's original.

After the rise of Moscow, Grand Princes of Moscow continued to build several new churches in Vladimir. Notable examples include the Annunciation Church at Snovitsy (ca. 1501), three kilometers northwest of the city, and a church in the Knyaginin nunnery (ca. 1505), with murals dating to 1648.

Remains of the prince-saint Alexander Nevsky were kept in the ancient Nativity abbey of Vladimir until 1703, when Peter the Great had them transferred to the Monastery (now Lavra) of Aleksandr Nevsky in St. Petersburg. The Nativity church (built in 1191–1196) collapsed several years later, after workmen tried to fashion more windows in its walls in an effort to brighten the interior.

In the years 1838-1840, Alexander Herzen exiled in Vladimir, passing through the city infamous "Vladimirka". In 1861, traffic on the route Moscow-Vladimir Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod Railway. Since December 1858 the city began to operate telegraph, in 1866 completed construction of water supply, with 1887 appeared telephone and on December 5, 1908 the first power. November 29, 1898 Vladimir provincial scientific archival commission was established.

Soviet period

After the establishment of Soviet power, many streets were renamed in Vladimir; most of the parish churches were closed and condemned to be demolished.

However, in the first decades of Soviet rule industrialization occurred in Vladimir. On January 14, 1929, the city became part of the newly formed Ivanovo Industrial Oblast.

On August 14, 1944, Vladimir became the administrative center of the region. In December 1944, based Vladimir Regional Library Gorky. In 1950 on the basis of teachers' institute created Vladimir Pedagogical Institute. On November 5, 1952 the first trolleybus line began to operate in the city.

In 1958 was created the Vladimir-Suzdal Historical -Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve, which is composed of a group of unique architectural monuments of Russian defense and church architecture, located in three cities - Vladimir, Suzdal and Gus-Khrustalny, as well as villages of Bogolyubovo and Kideksha.

Architecture of the Soviet period is represented by such structures as building complexes and polytechnic colleges, stadium "Torpedo" (1952), reinforced concrete arch bridge over the river Klyaz'ma (1960), the hotel Vladimir (1956), Drama Theatre (1971) and others. In 1971 the city was awarded the Order of Red Banner of Labor.

Administrative and municipal status

Vladimir is the administrative center of the oblast.[3] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with seventeen rural localities, incorporated as the City of Vladimir—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[3] As a municipal division, the City of Vladimir is incorporated as Vladimir Urban Okrug.[4]

Economy and military

Vladimir is home to several electrical and chemical factories, several food processing plants and two large thermal power stations. Tourism related to the historical sites is a major contributor to the city economy.

The headquarters of the 27th Guards Rocket Army of the Strategic Missile Troops is located in the city. During the Cold War, Vladimir was host to the Dobrynskoye air force base.

Transport

File:Vladimir railway station Russia1.jpg
Vladimir railway station, August 2008
Trolleybus ZiU-9

Since 1861, there has been a railway connection between Vladimir and Moscow.[18] Vladimir is also linked to Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod by the M7 highway. Local transport includes buses, trolleybuses,fixed-route minivans, and taxis.

Vladimir bus service links the city to all the district centers of Vladimir Oblast, as well as Moscow, Ivanovo, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, Ryazan, Yaroslavl and other cities.

Vladimir daily through the station passes of at least 20 pairs of long-distance trains, year-round direct rail links Vladimir is linked to Moscow (Kursk Station), St. Petersburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Since the summer of 2010 Vladimir associated with Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow direct flights high-speed train "Peregrine Falcon".

Developed suburban rail. Vladimir was the only city in Russia involving commuter trains at once with two Russian cities with subway. If you go by train from Vladimir, the nearest station in Moscow – "Novokosino", Nizhny Novgorod – "Moscow." In November 2012 Vladimir–Nizhny Novgorod train was canceled.

The city is served by the Semyazino Airport 5 km west of the city center.

Climate

Vladimir experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with long, cold winters and short, warm summers.

Climate data for Vladimir
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 7.1
(44.8)		 9.5
(49.1)		 17.8
(64)		 27.8
(82)		 34.0
(93.2)		 34.4
(93.9)		 37.1
(98.8)		 36.5
(97.7)		 29.5
(85.1)		 25.0
(77)		 14.8
(58.6)		 9.2
(48.6)		 37.1
(98.8)
Average high °C (°F) −5.6
(21.9)		 −5.0
(23)		 1.5
(34.7)		 10.9
(51.6)		 18.6
(65.5)		 22.1
(71.8)		 24.3
(75.7)		 22.0
(71.6)		 15.7
(60.3)		 8.0
(46.4)		 −0.4
(31.3)		 −4.4
(24.1)		 9.0
(48.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) −8.5
(16.7)		 −8.5
(16.7)		 −2.5
(27.5)		 5.7
(42.3)		 12.6
(54.7)		 16.6
(61.9)		 18.8
(65.8)		 16.5
(61.7)		 10.8
(51.4)		 4.6
(40.3)		 −2.4
(27.7)		 −7.0
(19.4)		 4.7
(40.5)
Average low °C (°F) −11.3
(11.7)		 −11.5
(11.3)		 −5.8
(21.6)		 1.4
(34.5)		 7.3
(45.1)		 11.8
(53.2)		 14.0
(57.2)		 12.1
(53.8)		 7.2
(45)		 2.1
(35.8)		 −4.7
(23.5)		 −9.4
(15.1)		 1.1
(34)
Record low °C (°F) −39.7
(−39.5)		 −36.1
(−33)		 −30.0
(−22)		 −16.1
(3)		 −9.0
(15.8)		 0.0
(32)		 3.9
(39)		 0.0
(32)		 −6.3
(20.7)		 −18.9
(−2)		 −27.2
(−17)		 −43.0
(−45.4)		 −43.0
(−45.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 40
(1.57)		 30
(1.18)		 29
(1.14)		 33
(1.3)		 45
(1.77)		 78
(3.07)		 63
(2.48)		 62
(2.44)		 52
(2.05)		 61
(2.4)		 48
(1.89)		 44
(1.73)		 585
(23.03)
Average rainy days 5 3 6 12 15 17 15 15 16 16 10 5 135
Average snowy days 26 23 16 6 1 0 0 0 1 6 18 25 122
Average relative humidity (%) 86 82 76 71 67 73 76 79 82 85 88 87 79
Source: Pogoda.ru.net[19]

Sightseeing

File:Владимир, вид на Успенский собор.JPG
View of Vladimir
File:Public Park in Vladimir - Russia.JPG
Public park in Vladimir

Modern Vladimir is a part of the Golden Ring of the ancient Russian cities and a popular tourist destination. Its three chief monuments, White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal, inscribed by UNESCO on the World Heritage List, are the following:

  1. The magnificent five-domed Assumption Cathedral was designed as a sepulcher of grand princes and dedicated to the holy icon Theotokos of Vladimir, which had been brought to the city by Andrew the Pious. The cathedral was constructed in 1158–1160, expanded in 1185–1189, and painted by the great Andrei Rublev and Daniil Chyorny in 1408. In 1810, a lofty bell-tower was added in Neoclassical style.
  2. The warrior-like Cathedral of Saint Demetrius was built in 1194–1197 as a private chapel of Vsevolod the Big Nest in the courtyard of his palace and was consecrated to his holy patron, St. Demetrius. For all its formal unity, the cathedral represents an international project of Russian and Byzantine masters, Friedrich Barbarossa's masons, and carvers sent by Queen Tamar of Georgia.
  3. The Golden Gate, originally a tower over the city's main gate, was built in 1158–1164. The gate acquired its present form after having been reconstructed in the late 18th century, to prevent the dilapidated structure from tumbling down.

Other remarkable monuments of pre-Mongol Russian architecture are scattered in the vicinity. For more information on them, see Suzdal, Yuriev-Polsky, Bogolyubovo, and Kideksha.

Education

Vladimir is the site of the following education establishments:

  • Vladimir State University
  • Vladimir Judicial Institute of the Ministry of Justice
  • Vladimir Business Institute
  • Vladimir Pedagogical College

Vladimir is also home to the Federal Centre for Animal Health and Welfare.

Sports

The city association football team, FC Torpedo Vladimir, currently plays in the Football Championship of the National League (former Russian First Division), having entered the second level of Russian professional football after seventeen years of competing in Russian Second Division and Russian Third League. Vladimir VC (previously known as Skat and Dinamo Vladimir) represents the city in Volleyball Major League B – Zone Europe.

Vladimir is also home to Polaris-Vladimir ice hockey club, which competes in regional hockey competitions and Russian minor leagues, and both male and female Luch table-tennis teams.

Twin towns and sister cities

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Main article: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia

Vladimir is twinned with:[20]

Notable people

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Main category: People from Vladimir
Mikhail Lazarev, 19th-century fleet commander and maritime explorer

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Resolution #433
  2. ↑ Article 7 of the Charter of Vladimir states that the city may have an anthem, providing a decision is reached by the Council of People's Deputies. As of 2015, no such decision has been made.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Law #130-OZ
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Law #189-OZ
  5. ↑ Official website of Vladimir. Sergey Vladimirovich Sakharov, Head of Vladimir (Russian)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Charter of Vladimir, Article 23
  7. ↑ Управление Федеральной службы государственной регистрации, кадастра и картографии по Владимирской области. Доклад о состоянии и использовании земель Владимирской области в 2011 году. Город Владимир, форма 22[dead link] (Russian)
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ The value of density was calculated automatically by dividing the 2010 Census population by the area specified in the infobox. Please note that this value may not be accurate as the area specified in the infobox does not necessarily correspond to the area of the entity proper or is reported for the same year as the population.
  10. ↑ Правительство Российской Федерации. Федеральный закон №107-ФЗ от 3 июня 2011 г. «Об исчислении времени», в ред. Федерального закона №248-ФЗ от 21 июля 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон "Об исчислении времени"». Вступил в силу по истечении шестидесяти дней после дня официального опубликования (6 августа 2011 г.). Опубликован: "Российская газета", №120, 6 июня 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Federal Law #107-FZ of June 31, 2011 On Calculating Time, as amended by the Federal Law #248-FZ of July 21, 2014 On Amending Federal Law "On Calculating Time". Effective as of after sixty days following the day of the official publication.).
  11. ↑ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (Russian)
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Vladimir-on-Klyazma at the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Charter of Vladimir, Article 3.
  17. ↑ Janet Martin, Medieval Russia: 980-1584 (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1995), 100.
  18. ↑ Train Station in Vladimir (Russian)
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Sister cities of Vladimir
  21. ↑ Embassy of the Russian Federation in the Republic of the Philippines 2008

Sources

  • Администрация Владимирской области. Постановление №433 от 13 июня 2007 г. «О реестре административно-территориальных образований и единиц Владимирской области», в ред. Постановления №169 от 5 марта 2015 г. «О внесении изменения в Постановление Губернатора области от 13.06.2007 №433 "О реестре административно-территориальных образований и единиц Владимирской области"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Владимирские ведомости", №114, 20 июня 2007 г. (Administration of Vladimir Oblast. Resolution #433 of June 13, 2007 On the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Formations and Units of Vladimir Oblast, as amended by the Resolution #169 of March 5, 2015 On Amending Resolution #433 of the Oblast Governor of June 13, 2007 "On the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Formations and Units of Vladimir Oblast". Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
  • Законодательное Собрание Владимирской области. Закон №130-ОЗ от 10 декабря 2001 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Владимирской области и о порядке его изменения», в ред. Закона №22-ОЗ от 18 марта 2014 г. «О признании утратившими силу части 1 статьи 15 Закона Владимирской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Владимирской области и о порядке его изменения" и пункта 3 статьи 1 Закона Владимирской области "О внесении изменений в Закон Владимирской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Владимирской области и о порядке его изменения"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования (13 декабря 2001 г.). Опубликован: "Владимирские ведомости", №232, 13 декабря 2001 г. (Legislative Assembly of Vladimir Oblast. Law #130-OZ of December 10, 2001 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Vladimir Oblast and on Procedures for Its Change, as amended by the Law #22-OZ of March 18, 2014 On Abrogating Part 1 of Article 15 of the Law of Vladimir Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Vladimir Oblast and on Procedures for Its Change" and Item 3 of Article 1 of the Law of Vladimir Oblast "On Amending the Law of Vladimir Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Vladimir Oblast and on Procedures for Its Change". Effective as of the day of the official publication (December 13, 2001).).
  • Законодательное Собрание Владимирской области. Закон №189-ОЗ от 26 ноября 2004 г. «О наделении статусом городского округа муниципального образования город Владимир Владимирской области», в ред. Закона №108-ОЗ от 10 августа 2009 г «О внесении изменений в Закон Владимирской области "О наделении статусом городского округа муниципального образования город Владимир Владимирской области"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования (1 декабря 2004 г.). Опубликован: "Владимирские ведомости", №333, 1 декабря 2004 г. (Legislative Assembly of Vladimir Oblast. Law #189-OZ of November 26, 2004 On Granting Urban Okrug Status to the Municipal Formation of the City of Vladimir of Vladimir Oblast, as amended by the Law #108-OZ of August 10, 2009 On Amending the Law of Vladimir Oblast "On Granting Urban Okrug Status to the Municipal Formation of the City of Vladimir of Vladimir Oblast". Effective as of the day of the official publication (December 1, 2004).).
  • Владимирский городской Совет народных депутатов. Решение №231 от 29 июня 2005 г. «Устав муниципального образования город Владимир», в ред. Решения №157 от 26 августа 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Устав муниципального образования город Владимир». Вступил в силу 4 августа 2005 г. (за исключением отдельных положений, вступающих в силу в иные сроки). Опубликован: "Владимирские ведомости", №251–252, 4 августа 2005 г. (Vladimir City Council of People's Deputies. Decision #231 of June 29, 2005 Charter of the Municipal Formation of the City of Vladimir, as amended by the Decision #157 of August 26, 2015 On Amending the Charter of the Municipal Formation of the City of Vladimir. Effective as of August 4, 2005 (except for certain clauses which take effect on different dates).).

Further reading

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External links

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