Willow Island disaster
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Willow Island Memorial
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| Date | April 27, 1978 |
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| Location | Willow Island, West Virginia |
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| Cause | Scaffolding collapse due to falling concrete |
| Outcome | 51 construction workers killed |
The Willow Island disaster was the collapse of a cooling tower under construction at the Pleasants Power Station at Willow Island, West Virginia, on Thursday, April 27, 1978. The falling concrete caused the scaffolding to collapse, killing 51 construction workers. It is thought to be the largest construction accident in American history.[1][2][3]
Contents
Background
During the 1970s many coal powered power plants were being built in the valley along the Ohio River. The Allegheny Power System was building another larger plant at Willow Island, West Virginia. The new plant would have two generators with a total capacity of 1300 megawatts. This was in addition to the two smaller units that were already there.[3]
By April 1978 one natural draft cooling tower had been built, and a second was under construction. One of the contractors, New Jersey-based Research-Cottrell [1], was well known for constructing such towers around the country.[3]
The scaffolding
The usual method of scaffold construction has the base of the scaffold built on the ground, with the top being built higher to keep up with the height of the tower.
The scaffolding on the Willow Island cooling tower was bolted to the structure it was being used to build.[4] A layer of concrete was poured; then, after the concrete forms were removed, the scaffolding was raised and bolted onto the new section. Cranes atop the scaffolding raised buckets of concrete. One 5-foot lift of concrete was poured each day.[3][5]
Tragedy
On April 27, 1978, tower number 2 had reached a height of 166 feet (51 m). Just after 10 AM, as the third bucket of concrete was being raised, the cable hoisting the bucket slackened. The crane pulling it up fell toward the inside of the tower. The previous day's concrete started to collapse. Concrete began to unwrap from the top of the tower, first peeling counter-clockwise, then in both directions. A jumble of concrete, wooden forms and metal scaffolding fell into the hollow center of the tower. All fifty-one construction workers on the scaffold fell to their deaths.[3][5][6]
Rescue efforts
Construction workers on site immediately began digging for their comrades.[6]
Fire departments from Belmont, Parkersburg, Vienna, and St. Marys in West Virginia, and Marietta in Ohio, were called in. Ambulances from Parkersburg and Marietta hospitals were also dispatched.
The Volunteer Fire Department in Belmont was turned into a temporary morgue.[7] Many of the men were only able to be identified by the contents of their pockets. All but one one worker was identified by co-workers.
Investigation
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) investigation team arrived at the site the day of the accident. A team from the National Bureau of Standards (now called the National Institute of Standards and Technology) arrived two days later.[5]
A number of safety lapses caused the collapse:
- Scaffold was attached to concrete that had not had time to sufficiently cure.
- Bolts were missing and the existing bolts were of insufficient grade. See Bolted joint
- Only one access ladder, restricting ability to escape.
- An elaborate concrete hoisting system was modified without proper engineering review.
- Contractors were rushing the construction.[3]
On June 8, 1978, OSHA cited Willow Island contractors for 20 violations, including failures to field test concrete and anchor the scaffold system properly. The cases were settled for $85,500, or about $1,700 per worker killed. OSHA referred the case to the United States Department of Justice for criminal investigation. A grand jury was convened, but no charges were filed.[3]
List of the dead
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See also
Other cooling tower collapses
- A cooling tower at the Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant collapsed on August 22, 2007. There were no fatalities.
- On 1 November 1965, three of the cooling towers at Ferrybridge Power Station collapsed due to vibrations in 85 mph winds.
References
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<references />, or <references group="..." />External links
- Willow Island Cooling Tower engineering case study, with bibliography.[dead link]
- http://www.wvgazette.com/News/WillowIsland Collection of articles about the disaster
- http://wvgazette.com/static/willowdocs/willowfrontpage.pdf PDF of the front page of Charleston Gazette newspaper the day after the accident.
- https://www.osha.gov/index.html Occupational Safety and Health Administration
- http://wvgazette.com/News/WillowIsland/200804240435 Downloads of OSHA investigation reports
- http://matdl.org/failurecases/Other%20failures/Willow.htm Pictures and diagrams
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Governor's Commission on Willow Island, cited in Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
