Help:IPA for Scottish Gaelic

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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Scottish Gaelic pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

See Scottish Gaelic phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Scottish Gaelic, and Scottish Gaelic orthography for the exact correspondence between sounds and letters in Scottish Gaelic.

Consonants
Broad[1] Slender[2]
IPA Examples IPA Examples
f[3] fad, fead, pholl, pheann
ɣ dhà, deireadh, ghaol, dragh ʝ dh'iarr, dh'innis, gheall, ghin
h[3] thonn, thig, shùil, sheòl
j eala, beò, theàrn, iolaire, piuthar, shiùbhlainn, gràidh
k gaol, beagan, caileag, amharc kʲ gille, fairrge, thig, chunnaic
kʰ[4] còta kʲʰ[4] cìr
l̪ˠ làmh, balla, geal l mo leaba, cliathaich, baile, fuil
ʎ leaba, slige, gille
m[3] mac, mic, lampa, ìm
n̪ˠ nàire, snàmh, clann ɲ nighean, sneachda, cinneadh, ròin
n mo nàire, anail, bean
ŋ long ŋʲ aingeal
p[3] ball, nàbuidh, abair, corp
pʰ[3][4] peann, poll
rˠ rud, riochd, oirre, orra
ɾ dà rud, mo riochd, crann, fear ɾʲ cridhe, fir
s̪ solas, speal, sgialachd ʃ seòl, stiùir, slighe, snìomh
t̪ dall, fada, ad, falt tʲ dìleas, maide, thèid, fuilt
t̪ʰ[4] tana tʲʰ[4] tìr
v[3] bhean, sàibh, mhàthair, deimhinn, làmh
x chòta, balach ç chì, balaich
Monophthongs
Short Long
IPA Examples IPA Examples
a mac, glaine aː làmh, àite, gearr
e teth, fead, cheil eː glè, chèile, beud
ɛ fear, each ɛː cnàimh, sèimh
i mise, fios iː ìseal, pìobaire, cinn
o tobar, bodhar oː bò, còig
ɔ cnoc, sgoil, deoch ɔː bròn, mòine, ceòl, corr
u ugh, bun, sgioltachd, fliuch uː cùl, sùil, diombach, tiurr, cunntas
ɯ duine, uisge ɯː craobh, aois
ɤ dragh, coire ɤː fadhlach
ə fada, baile
Diphthongs
IPA Examples
ai claidheamh, chaill, cainnt
au amharc, abhainn, ball, gann
ɛu seall, theann, dream
ia Niall, pian, feur, beul, fìon
iə fiacail, iasg, ceud, deug, sìos
ɔu toll, tonn, com
ua uamhasach, suaineadh, uaine
uə fuar, uair, buaidh
ɯi chraoibh, ghaoith, tuill, tuinn
ɤi maighdean, greim, coibhneil, oighre, coilltean, broinn
Other symbols used in transcription of Scottish Gaelic pronunciation
IPA Explanation
ˈ Primary stress (placed before the stressed syllable) for example uinneag [ˈɯɲak]

Varying IPA conventions

Materials published elsewhere use somewhat different conventions from those used at Wikipedia. Most systems vary from pure IPA, particularly the systems used in Celtic Studies. The following table lists some of the variations commonly encountered. If an IPA symbol is not in the table below, this indicates that the source uses the same symbol as above.

Borgstrøm (1937)[5]
(Barra)		 Borgstrøm (1940)[6]
(Outer Hebrides)		 Oftedal (1956)[7]
(Lewis)		 Ó Murchú (1989)[8]
(East Perthshire)		 Cox (2002)[9]
(Lewis)		 Ó Maolalaigh (2008)[10]
(over-regional)		 Black (2006)[11]
(over-regional)		 Klevenhaus (2009)[12]
Bauer (2011)[13]
(both over-regional)
ç ç ç′ ç x′ ç ç ç ç
ʝ j j′ ǰ ɣ′ ʝ j j ʝ
k g̊, k g̬, k g ɡ g g g[14], k[15] g
kʲ g̊′, k′ g̬′, k′ ǵ ɡ′ g̭' gʲ gʲ, kʲ gʲ
kʰ kʽ kʽ k k k k k k
kʲʰ k′ʽ k′ʽ ḱ k′ k′ kʲ kʲ kʲ
l̪ˠ L L L ɬ L ɫ̪ L L
ʎ L′ L′ L′ N/A L′ ʎ Lʲ Lʲ
l l′ l′ l l l l l l
n̪ˠ N N N N/A N ᵰ̪ N N
ɲ N′ N′ N′ N/A N′ ɲ Nʲ Nʲ
p b̥, p b̬, p b b b b b, p b
pʰ pʽ pʽ p p p p p p
rˠ R R, Ṛ R N/A R ᵲ R R
ɾ r r r r r r r r
ɾʲ r′ r′, ð′ ð N/A ð rʲ rʲ rʲ
s̪ s s s s s s s s
ʃ ʃ ʃ ʃ š ʃ ʃ ʃ ʃ
t̪ d̥, t d̬, t d d d d̪ d, t d
tʲ d̥′ž, d̥′, t′ d̬′ž, d̬′, t′ d′ ǰ d′ dʲ dʲ, tʲ dʲ
t̪ʰ tʽ tʽ t t t t̪ t t
tʲʰ tʽ′ʃ, tʽ′ tʽ′ʃ, tʽ′ t′ č t′ tʲ tʲ tʲ
ɯ ʎ ʎ ɯ ɯ ɯ ɯ ʎ ɯ
ɤ ø ø ə ɤ ɤ ɤ ə ɤ
ɛ ɛ, æ ɛ, æ ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ
a a a a ɑ a a a a

Notes and references

  1. ↑ Scottish Gaelic makes contrasts between velarized ("broad") and palatalized ("slender") consonants. Velarized consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ‹ˠ›, are pronounced with the back of the tongue raised toward the velum, which happens to the /l/ in English pill in some accents, like RP and General American, and in all positions in Scottish English. In Scottish Gaelic orthography, broad consonants are surrounded by the letters ‹a›, ‹o›, ‹u›.
  2. ↑ "Slender" (palatalized) consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ‹ʲ›, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, in a manner similar to the articulation of the ‹y› sound in yes. In Scottish Gaelic orthography, slender consonants are surrounded by the letters ‹e›, ‹i›.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Neither broad nor slender, slender positions instead having an on- or off-glide /j/.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 In initial position, the aspirated stops /kʰ, kʲʰ, pʰ, t̪ʰ, tʲʰ/ are postaspirated [kʰ, kʲʰ, pʰ, t̪ʰ, tʲʰ]. In medial or final position after a stressed vowel, they are preaspirated [ʰk, ʰkʲ, ʰp, ʰt̪, ʰtʲ].
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Word-initially
  15. ↑ Medially or final
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