Iron response element

A 3D representation of the iron response element. This is the IRE in the ferritin mRNA of a frog in complex with the iron-responsive element (IRE) of a rabbit, drawn from Protein Data Bank entry 2IPY.

Iron response element
Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of IRE
Identifiers
Symbol	IRE
Rfam	RF00037
Other data
RNA type	Cis-reg
Domain(s)	Eukaryota
SO	0000233

In Molecular biology, the Iron response element or Iron-responsive element (IRE) is a short conserved stem-loop which is bound by iron response proteins (IRPs, also named IRE-BP or IRBP). The IRE is found in UTRs (untranslated regions) of various mRNAs whose products are involved in iron metabolism. For example, the mRNA of ferritin (an iron storage protein) contains one IRE in its 5' UTR. When iron concentration is low, IRPs bind the IRE in the ferritin mRNA and cause reduced translation rates. In contrast, binding to multiple IREs in the 3' UTR of the transferrin receptor (involved in iron acquisition) leads to increased mRNA stability.

In high iron conditions in humans, IRP1 binds with an iron-sulphur complex [4Fe-4S] and adopts an aconitase conformation unsuitable for IRE binding. In contrast, IRP2 is degraded in high iron conditions. There is variation in affinity between different IREs and different IRPs. Some IREs can also be affected by alternative gene splicing.

The upper helix of the known IREs shows stronger conservation of structure compared to the lower helix. The bases composing the helixes are variable. The mid-stem bulged C is a highly characteristic feature (though this has been seen to be a G in the ferritin IRE for lobster.) The apical loop of the known IREs all consist of either the AGA or AGU triplet. This is pinched by a paired G-C and there is additionally a bulged U, C or A in the upper helix. The crystal structure and NMR data show a bulged U in the lower stem of the ferritin IRE. This is consistent with the predicted secondary structure. IREs in many other mRNAs do not have any support for this bulged U. Consequently, two RFAM models have been created for the IRE - one with a bulged U and one without.

Genes known to contain IREs include FTH1, FTL, TFRC, ALAS2, Sdhb, ACO2, Hao1, SLC11A2 (encoding DMT1), NDUFS1, SLC40A1 (encoding the ferroportin) CDC42BPA, CDC14A, EPAS1. Many of these genes have clear and direct roles in iron metabolism. Others show a less obvious connection. ACO2 encodes an isomerase catalysing the reversible isomerisation of citrate and iso-citrate. EPAS1 encodes a transcription factor involved in complex oxygen sensing pathways by the induction of oxygen regulated genes under low oxygen conditions. CDC42BPA encodes a kinase with a role in cytoskeletal reorganisation. CDC14A encodes a dual-specificity phosphatase implicated in cell cycle control and also interacts with interphase centrosomes.

The IRE is found over a diverse taxonomic range - mainly eukaryotes but not in plants.

See also

• 5'UTR
• IRP

External links

• Page for Iron response element - Model I at Rfam
• Page for Iron response element - Model II at Rfam
• Transterm page for Iron Responsive Element
• Genomic Interval files with IRE predictions made using the RFAM models on the hg18 human genome
• Iron Responsive Elements Prediction Server