Chemical structure of pregabalin (Lyrica), a potent gabapentinoid
Gabapentinoids are 3-substituted derivatives of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) which block α2δ subunit-containing voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs).[1][2] Clinically-used gabapentinoids include gabapentin (Neurontin) and pregabalin (Lyrica),[1][2] as well as a gabapentin prodrug, gabapentin enacarbil (Horizant).[3] Another analogue mirogabalin is in clinical trials but has not yet been approved.[4] Other compounds from this family used in research but not developed for medical use include atagabalin, 4-methylpregabalin and PD-217,014. Gabapentinoids are used clinically in the treatment of conditions including epilepsy, neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, anxiety, and restless legs syndrome, among others.[1][3][5]
Recently, phenibut (β-phenyl-GABA), a close analogue of pregabalin (β-isobutyl-GABA), has been found to similarly bind to and block α2δ-containing VDCCs, notably with an affinity exceeding that of its other actions, effectively making it a gabapentinoid.[6] Baclofen (β-(4-chlorophenyl)-GABA) has also been found to do this, but extremely weakly and likely insignificantly relative to its primary action of activation of the GABAB receptor.[6]
See also
References
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Receptor
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Agonists
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PAMs
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- (abridged; see here for a full list): α-EMTBL
- Alcohols (e.g., ethanol)
- Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin)
- Barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital)
- Benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam)
- Bromide compounds (e.g., potassium bromide)
- Carbamates (e.g., meprobamate)
- Carbamazepine
- Chloralose
- Chlormezanone
- Clomethiazole
- Dihydroergolines (e.g., ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine))
- Etazepine
- Etifoxine
- Fenamates (e.g., mefenamic acid)
- Flavonoids (e.g., apigenin, hispidulin)
- Fluoxetine
- Flupirtine
- Imidazoles (e.g., etomidate)
- Kava constituents (e.g., kavain)
- Lanthanum
- Loreclezole
- Monastrol
- Neuroactive steroids (e.g., allopregnanolone, cholesterol)
- Niacin
- Nicotinamide (niacinamide)
- Nonbenzodiazepines (e.g., β-carbolines (e.g., abecarnil), cyclopyrrolones (e.g., zopiclone), imidazopyridines (e.g., zolpidem), pyrazolopyrimidines (e.g., zaleplon))
- Norfluoxetine
- Petrichloral
- Phenols (e.g., propofol)
- Phenytoin
- Piperidinediones (e.g., glutethimide)
- Propanidid
- Pyrazolopyridines (e.g., etazolate)
- Quinazolinones (e.g., methaqualone)
- Retigabine (ezogabine)
- ROD-188
- Skullcap constituents (e.g., baicalin)
- Stiripentol
- Sulfonylalkanes (e.g., sulfonmethane (sulfonal))
- Topiramate
- Valerian constituents (e.g., valerenic acid)
- Volatiles/gases (e.g., chloral hydrate, chloroform, diethyl ether, paraldehyde, sevoflurane)
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Antagonists
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NAMs
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- 1,3M1B
- 3M2B
- 17-Phenylandrostenol
- α5IA (LS-193,268)
- β-CCB
- β-CCE
- β-CCM
- β-CCP
- β-EMGBL
- Amiloride
- Anisatin
- β-Lactams (e.g., penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems)
- Basmisanil
- Bemegride
- Bilobalide
- CHEB
- Cicutoxin
- Cloflubicyne
- Cyclothiazide
- DHEA
- DHEA-S
- Dieldrin
- (+)-DMBB
- DMCM
- DMPC
- EBOB
- Etbicyphat
- FG-7142 (ZK-31906)
- Fiproles (e.g., fipronil)
- Flavonoids (e.g., amentoflavone, oroxylin A)
- Flumazenil
- Fluoroquinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin)
- Flurothyl
- Furosemide
- Iomazenil (123I)
- Isoallopregnanolone
- Isopregnanolone (sepranolone)
- L-655,708
- Laudanosine
- Leptazol
- Lindane
- MaxiPost
- Morphine
- Morphine-3-glucuronide
- MRK-016
- Naloxone
- Naltrexone
- Nicardipine
- Non-steroidal antiandrogens (e.g., apalutamide, bicalutamide, enzalutamide, flutamide, nilutamide)
- Oenanthotoxin
- Pentetrazol (metrazol)
- Phenylsilatrane
- Picrotoxin (i.e., picrotin and picrotoxinin)
- Pregnenolone sulfate
- Propybicyphat
- PWZ-029
- Radequinil
- Ro 15-4513
- Ro 19-4603
- RO4882224
- RO4938581
- Sarmazenil
- SCS
- Suritozole
- TB-21007
- TBOB
- TBPS
- TCS-1105
- Terbequinil
- TETS
- Thujone
- U-93631
- Zinc
- ZK-93426
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PAMs
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Antagonists
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NAMs
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Agonists
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Antagonists
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NAMs
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PAMs
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Transporter
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Precursors
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Analogues
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Others
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| Monoaminergics |
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| Ion channel blockers |
- Anticonvulsants (e.g., gabapentin, pregabalin, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, lacosamide, lamotrigine)
- Local anesthetics (e.g., lidocaine)
- Mexiletine
- TCAs (e.g., amitriptyline, nortriptyline, desipramine)
- Ziconotide
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| Others |
- Alpha lipoic acid
- Benfotiamine
- Botulinum toxin A
- Bupropion
- Cannabinoids (e.g., cannabis, dronabinol, nabilone)
- NMDAR antagonists (e.g., ketamine, dextromethorphan, methadone)
- Opioids (e.g., hydrocodone, morphine, oxycodone, methadone, buprenorphine, tramadol, tapentadol)
- Sodium oxybate (GHB)
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Major
recreational
drugs |
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| Drug culture |
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Drug
production
and trade |
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Drug
production
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Drug trade
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Issues with
drug use |
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Legality of
drug use |
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International
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State level
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Drug policy
by country
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Other
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Lists of
countries by... |
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